1,269
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Electron Microscopy Investigation of Particulate Matter from a Dual Fuel Engine

&
Pages 951-960 | Received 12 Jan 2009, Accepted 04 Apr 2009, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

REFERENCES

  • Abdul-Khalek , I. S. , Kittelson , D. B. , Graskow , B. R. and Wei , Q. 1998 . Diesel Exhaust Particle Size: Measurement Issues and Trends SAE Technical Paper 980525
  • Bird , R. B. , Stewart , W. E. and Lightfoot , E. N. 1960 . Transport Phenomena , New York : John Wiley .
  • Cai , J. , Lu , N. and Sorensen , C. M. 1993 . Comparison of Size and Morphology of Soot Aggregates as Determined by Light Scattering and Electron Microscope Analysis . Langmuir. , 9 ( 11 ) : 2861 – 2867 .
  • Cai , J. , Lu , N. and Sorensen , C. M. 1995 . Analysis of Fractal Cluster Morphology Parameters: Structural Coefficient and Density Autocorrelation Function Cutoff . J. Colloid and Interface Sci. , 171 : 470 – 473 .
  • Chakrabarty , R. K. , Moosmüller , H. , Arnott , W. P. , Garro , M. A. and Walker , J. 2006 . Structural and Fractal Properties of Particles Emitted from Spark Ignition Engines . Environ. Sci. Technol , 40 ( 21 ) : 6647 – 6654 .
  • Figler , B. , Sahle , W. , Krantz , S. and Ulfvarson , U. 1996 . Diesel Exhaust Quantification by Scanning Electron Microscope with Special Emphasis on Particulate Size Distribution . Sci. Total Environ. , 193 : 77 – 83 .
  • Gangopadhyay , S. , Elminyawi , I. M. and Sorensen , C. M. 1991 . Optical Structure Factor Measurements of Soot Particles in a Premixed Flame . Appl. Optics , 30 : 4859 – 4864 .
  • Hinds , W. C. 1999 . Aerosol Technology, Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles , New York : John Wiley and Sons, Inc. .
  • Jung , H. , Kittelson , D. B. and Zachariah , M. R. 2004 . Kinetics and Visualization of Soot Oxidation Using Transmission Electron Microscopy . Combustion and Flame , 136 ( 4 ) : 445 – 456 .
  • Kittelson , D. B. 1998 . Engines and Nanoparticles: A Review . J. Aerosol Sci , 29 ( 5–6 ) : 575 – 588 .
  • Kittelson , D. B. , Watts , W. F. and Johnson , J. P. 2006 . On-Road and Laboratory Evaluation of Combustion Aerosols—Part1: Summary of Diesel Engine Results . J. Aerosol Sci. , 37 : 913 – 930 .
  • Lapuerta , M. , Armas , O. and Gomez , A. 2003 . Diesel Particle Size Distribution Estimation from Digital Image Analysis . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 37 : 369 – 381 .
  • Lee , K. O. , Zhu , J. , Ciatti , S. , Yozgatligil , A. and Choi , M. Y. 2003 . Sizes, Graphitic Structures and Fractal Geometry of Light-Duty Diesel Engine Particulates SAE Paper 2003-01-3169
  • Lee , K. O. , Cole , R. , Sekar , R. , Choi , M. Y. , Kang , J. S. , Bae , C. S. and Shin , H. D. 2002 . Morphological Investigation of the Microstructure, Dimensions, and Fractal Geometry of Diesel Particulates . Proc. of the Combustion Institute , 29 ( 1 ) : 647 – 653 .
  • Mathis , U. , Mohr , M. , Kaegi , R. , Bertola , A. and Boulouchos , K. 2005 . Influence of Diesel Engine Combustion Parameters on Primary Soot Particle Diameter . Environ. Sci. Technol , 39 ( 6 ) : 1887 – 1892 .
  • Mustafi , N. N. and Raine , R. R. 2008 . A Study of the Emissions of a Dual Fuel Engine Operating with Alternative Gaseous Fuels SAE Paper 2008-01-1394
  • Mustafi , N. N. 2008 . Particulate emissions of a dual fuel engine , PhD Thesis Auckland, , New Zealand : Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland .
  • Mustafi , N. N. , Raine , R. R. and James , B. Particulate emissions from a diesel engine operated with gaseous fuels . Proceedings of the conference . September 23–26 , Chemeca, Melbourne, Australia.
  • Nord , K. , Haupt , D. , Ahlvik , P. and Egeback , K.-E. 2004 . Particulate Emissions from an Ethanol Fueled Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Equipped with EGR, Catalyst and DPF SAE Paper 2004-01-1987
  • Oh , C. and Sorensen , C. M. 1997 . The Effect of Overlap Between Monomers on the Determination of Fractal Cluster Morphology . J. of Colloid and Interface Science , 193 : 17 – 25 .
  • Park , K. , Kittelson , D. B. and McMurry , P. H. 2004 . Structural Properties of Diesel Exhaust Particles Measured by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Relationships to Particle Mass and Mobility . Aerosol Sci. Technol , 38 : 881 – 889 .
  • Rasband , W. S. 1997–2007 . ImageJ , Bethesda, Maryland, , USA : U. S. National Institutes of Health . Available on the internet at http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/
  • Schaefer , D. W. and Hurd , A. J. 1990 . Growth and Structure of Combustion Aerosols: Fumed Silica . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 12 : 876 – 890 .
  • Smith , O. I. 1981 . Fundamentals of Soot Formation in Flames with Application to Diesel Engine Particulate Emissions . Progress in Energy and Combust. Sci. , 7 : 275 – 291 .
  • Sorensen , C. M. , Cai , J. and Lu , N. 1992 . Test of Static Structure Factors for Describing Light Scattering from Fractal Soot Aggregates . Langmuir. , 8 ( 8 ) : 2064 – 2069 .
  • Vouitsis , E. , Ntziachristos , L. and Samaras , Z. 2003 . Particulate Matter Mass Measurements for Low Emitting Diesel Powered Vehicles: What's Next? . Progress in Energy and Combust. Sci. , 29 ( 6 ) : 635 – 672 .
  • Zhang , H. X. , Sorensen , C. M. , Ramer , E. R. , Olivier , B. J. and Merklin , J. F. 1988 . In Situ Optical Structure Factor Measurements of an Aggregating Soot Aerosol . Langmuir. , 4 : 867 – 871 .
  • Zhu , J. , Lee , K. O. , Yozgatligil , A. and Choi , M. Y. 2005 . Effects of Engine Operating Conditions on Morphology, Microstructure, and Fractal Geometry of Light-Duty Diesel Engine Particulates . Proceedings of the Combustion Institute , 30 : 2781 – 2789 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.