The Effect of Sampling Time on the Overall Performance of Portable Microbial Impactors

REFERENCES

• An , H. R. , Mainelis , G. and White , L. 2006 . Development and Calibration of Real-time PCR for Quantification of Airborne Microorganisms in Air Samples . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 7924 – 7939 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An , H. R. , Mainelis , G. and Yao , M. 2003 . Evaluation of a High Volume Portable Bioaerosol Sampler in Laboratory and Field Environments . Indoor Air , 14 ( 6 ) : 385 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer , H. , Schueller , E. , Weinke , G. , Berger , A. , Hitzenberger , R. , Marr , I. L. and Puxbaum , H. 2008 . Significant Contributions of Fungal Spores to the Organic Carbon and to the Aerosol Mass Balance of the Urban Atmospheric Aerosol . Atmos. Environ. , 42 ( 22 ) : 5542 – 5549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellin , P. and Schillinger , J. 2001 . Comparison of Field Performance of the Andersen N6 Single Stage and the SAS Sampler for Airborne Fungal Propagules . Indoor Air , 11 ( 1 ) : 65 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burge , H. 1990 . Bioaerosols: Prevalence and Health Effects in the Indoor Environment . J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. , 86 ( 5 ) : 687 – 701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burge , H. A. and Otten , J. A. 1999 . “ Fungi ” . In Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control , Edited by: Macher , J. M. 322 Cincinnati, OH : American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , C.-W. , Grinshpun , S. A. , Willeke , K. , Macher , J. M. , Donnelly , J. , Clark , S. and Juozaitis , A. 1995 . Factors Affecting Microbiological Colony Count Accuracy for Bioaerosol Sampling and Analysis . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 56 : 979 – 986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatigny , M. A. , Macher , J. M. , Burge , H. A. and Solomon , W. R. 1989 . “ Sampling Airborne Microorganisms and Aeroallergens ” . In Air Sampling Instruments for Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants , Edited by: Hering , S. V. 199 – 220 . Cincinnati : ACGIH .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , C. S. and Wathes , C. M. 1995 . Bioaerosols Handbook , Boca Raton : CRC. Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Douwes , J. , Thorne , P. , Pearce , N. and Heederik , D. 2003 . Bioaerosol Health Effects and Exposure Assessment: Progress and Prospects . Annals of Occupational Hygiene , 47 ( 3 ) : 187 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang , Z. , Ouyang , Z. , Hu , L. , Wang , X. , Zheng , H. and Lin , X. 2005 . Culturable Airborne Fungi in Outdoor Environments in Beijing, China . Sci. Total Environ. , 350 ( 1–3 ) : 47 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feller , W. 1968 . An Introduction to the Probability Theory and Its Application , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Fung , F. and Hughson , W. G. 2003 . Health Effects of Indoor Fungal Bioaerosol Exposure . Appl. Occ. & Environ. Hygiene , 18 ( 7 ) : 535 – 544 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fung , F. and Hughson , W. G. 2008 . The Fundamentals of Mold-Related Illness: When to Suspect the Environment is Making a Patient Sick . Postgraduate Medicine , 120 ( 1 ) : 80 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinshpun , S. A. , Willeke , K. , Ulevicius , V. , Juozaitis , A. , Terzieva , S. , Donnelly , J. , Stelma , G. N. and Brenner , K. P. 1997 . Effect of Impaction, Bounce and Reaerosolization on the Collection Efficiency of Impingers . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 26 : 326 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensel , A. and Petzoldt , K. 1995 . “ Biological and Biochemical Analysis of Bacteria and Viruses ” . In Bioaerosols Handbook , Edited by: Cox , C. S. and Wathes , C. M. New York : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Herr , C. E. W. , zur Nieden , A. , Jankofsky , M. , Stilianakis , N. I. , Boedeker , R. H. and Eikmann , T. F. 2003 . Effects of Bioaerosol Polluted Outdoor Air on Airways of Residents: A Cross Sectional Study . Occup. Environ. Med. , 60 : 336 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , P. A. , Todd , W. F. , Davis , G. N. and Scarpino , P. V. 1992 . Evaluation of Eight Bioaerosol Samplers Challenged with Aerosols of Free Bacteria . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 53 ( 10 ) : 660 – 667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , W. , Morring , K. , Morey , P. and Sorenson , W. 1985 . Evaluation of the Andersen Viable Impactor for Single Stage Sampling . Amer. Industrial Hygiene Association J. , 46 ( 5 ) : 294 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juozaitis , A. , Willeke , K. , Grinshpun , S. A. and Donnelly , J. 1994 . Impaction onto a Glass Slide or Agar versus Impingement into a Liquid for the Collection and Recovery of Airborne Microorganisms . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 60 ( 3 ) : 861 – 870 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalogerakis , N. , Paschali , D. , Lekaditis , V. , Pantidou , A. , Eleftheriadis , K. and Lazaridis , M. 2005 . Indoor Air Quality-Bioaerosol Measurements in Domestic and Office Premises . J. Aerosol Sci. , 36 ( 5–6 ) : 751 – 761 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskinen , O. , Husman , T. , Hyvärinen , A. , Reponen , T. and Ruuskanen , J. A., N. 1995 . Respiratory Symptoms and Infections among Children in Day Care Centers with Mold Problems . Indoor Air , 5 : 3 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn , R. C. , Mingyi , T. W. , Hofer , V. , Lee , M. and Russell , N. S. 2005 . Prevalence and Airborne Spore Levels of Stachybotrys spp. in 200 Houses with Water Incursions in Houston, Texas . Canadian J. Microbiol. , 51 : 25 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , C.-S. 1999 . Sampling Performance of Impactors for Bacterial Bioaerosols . Taylor & Francis , 30 : 280 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , C.-S. and Lin , Y.-C. 1999 . Sampling Performance of Impactors for Bacterial Bioaerosols . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 30 ( 3 ) : 280 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainelis , G. , Berry , D. , An , H. R. , Yao , M. S. , DeVoe , K. , Fennell , D. E. and Jaeger , R. 2005 . Design and Performance of a Single–Pass Bubbling Bioaerosol Generator . Atmos. Environ. , 39 ( 19 ) : 3521 – 3533 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May , K. R. 1973 . The Collison Nebulizer: Description, Performance and Application . J. Aerosol Sci. , 4 : 235 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Mehta , S. K. , Bell-Robinson , D. M. , Groves , T. O. , Stetzenbach , L. D. and Pierson , D. L. 2000 . Evaluation of Portable Air Samplers for Monitoring Airborne Culturable Bacteria . American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal , 61 : 850 – 854 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta , S. K. , Mishra , S. K. and Pierson , D. L. 1996 . Evaluation of Three Portable Samplers for Monitoring Airborne Fung . Applied and Environ. Microbiology , 62 ( 5 ) : 1835 – 1838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevalainen , A. 1989 . Bacterial Aerosols in Indoor Air , Ph.D. Dissertation Kuopio, Finland : National Public Health Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Otten , J. A. and Burge , H. A. 1999 . “ Bacteria ” . In Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control , Edited by: Macher , J. M. ACGIH .
   Google Scholar
• Reponen , T. , Willeke , K. , Ulevicius , V. , Grinshpun , S. A. and Donnelly , J. 1997 . Techniques for Dispersion of Microorganisms into Air . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 27 : 405 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reponen , T. , Willeke , K. , Grinshpun , S. and Nevalainen , A. 2001 . “ Biological Particle Sampling ” . In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications , Edited by: Baron , P. A. and Willeke , K. 751 – 778 . New York : Willey-Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Rinsoz , T. , Duquenne , P. , Greff-Mirguet , G. and Oppliger , A. 2008 . Application of Real-Time PCR for Total Airborne Bacterial Assessment: Comparison with Epifluorescence Microscopy and Culture-Dependent Methods . Atmos. Environ. , 42 ( 28 ) : 6767 – 6774 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneath , P. H. A. 1986 . “ Endospore-Forming Gram-Positive Rods and Cocci ” . In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology , Edited by: Sneath , P. H. A. , Mair , N. S. , Sharpe , M. E. and Holt , J. G. Vol. 2 , 1104 – 1139 . Baltimore : Williams and Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Spengler , J. , Neas , L. , Nakai , S. , Dockery , D. , Speizer , F. , Ware , J. and Raizenne , M. 1993 . Respiratory Symptoms and Housing Characteristics . Indoor Air 93 , 1 : 165 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , M. W. , Donnelly , J. , Grinshpun , S. A. , Juozaitis , A. and Willeke , K. 1994 . Method and Test System for Evaluation of Bioaerosol Samplers . J. Aerosol Sci. , 25 ( 8 ) : 1579 – 1593 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trunov , M. , Trakumas , S. , Willeke , K. and Grinshpun , S. A. 2001 . Collection of Bioaerosol Particles by Impaction: Effect of Fungal Spore Agglomeration and Bounce . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 35 : 617 – 624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willeke , K. and Macher , J. M. 1999 . “ Air Sampling ” . In Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control Edited by: Macher , J. M. 322 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists, Cincinnati, OH
   Google Scholar
• Wüst , G. , Friedl , H. , Haas , D. , Kock , M. , Pichler-Semmelrock , F. , Reinthaler , F. F. , Schlacher , R. and Marth , E. 2003 . A Comparison between Andersen (ACFM) and Reuter Centrifugal Sampler (RCS-Plus) for Indoor Sampling of Airborne Molds . Aerobiologia , 19 : 125 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Yao , M. and Mainelis , G. 2006a . Effect of Physical and Biological Parameters on Enumeration of Bioaerosols by Portable Microbial Impactors . J. Aerosol Sci. , 37 ( 11 ) : 1467 – 1483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao , M. S. and Mainelis , G. 2006b . Investigation of Cut-Off Sizes and Collection Efficiencies of Portable Microbial Samplers . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 40 ( 8 ) : 595 – 606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao , M. S. and Mainelis , G. 2007a . Analysis of Portable Impactor Performance for Enumeration of Viable Bioaerosols . J. Occupat. Environ. Hygiene , 4 ( 7 ) : 514 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao , M. S. and Mainelis , G. 2007b . Use of Portable Microbial Samplers for Estimating Inhalation Exposure to Viable Biological Agents . J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. , 17 ( 1 ) : 31 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar