Unary and Binary Heterogeneous Nucleation of Organic Vapors on Monodisperse WO_x Seed Particles with Diameters Down to 1.4 nm

REFERENCES

• Aitken , J. 1891 . On a Simple Pocket Dust-Counter . Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. , 18 : 39 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Ankilov , A. , Baklanov , A. , Colhoun , M. , Enderle , K.-H. , Gras , J. , Julanov , Yu. , Kaller , D. , Lindner , A. , Lushnikov , A. A. , Mavliev , R. , McGovern , F. , O’Connor , T. C. , Podzimek , J. , Preining , O. , Reischl , G. P. , Rudolf , R. , Sem , G. J. , Szymanski , W. W. , Vrtala , A. E. , Wagner , P. E. , Winklmayr , W. and Zagaynov , V. 2002 . Particle Size Dependent Response of Aerosol Counters . Atmos. Res. , 62 : 209 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamero-Castano , M. and Fernandez de la Mora , J. 2002 . Ion-Induced Nucleation: Measurement of the Effect of Embryo's Size and Charge State on the Critical Supersaturation . J. Chem. Phys. , 117 : 3345 – 3353 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hienola , A. I. , Winkler , P. M. , Wagner , P. E. , Vehkamäki , H. , Lauri , A. , Napari , I. and Kulmala , M. 2007 . Estimation of Line Tension and Contact Angle from Heterogeneous Nucleation Experimental Data . J. Chem. Phys. , 126 : 094705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iida , K. , Stolzenburg , M. R. and McMurry , P. H. 2009 . Effect of Working Fluid on Sub-2nm Particle Detection with a Laminar Flow Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 43 : 81 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , C. S. , Okuyama , K. and Fernandez de la Mora , J. 2003 . Performance Evaluation of an Improved Particle Size Magnifier (PSM) for Single Nanoparticle Detection . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 37 : 791 – 803 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulmala , M. , Riipinen , I. , Sipilä , M. , Manninen , H. E. , Petäjä , T. , Junninen , H. , Dal Maso , M. , Mordas , G. , Mirme , A. , Vana , M. , Hirsikko , A. , Laakso , L. , Harrison , R. M. , Hanson , I. , Leung , C. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. and Kerminen , V.-M. 2007 . Toward Direct Measurement of Atmospheric Nucleation . Science. , 318 : 89 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurry , P. H. 2000 . The History of Condensation Nucleus Counters . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 33 : 297 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster , G. , Oberdörster , E. and Oberdörster , J. 2005 . Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles . Environ. Health Perspec. , 113 : 823 – 839 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sgro , L. A. and Fernandez de la Mora , J. 2004 . A Simple Turbulent Mixing CNC for Charged Particle Detection down to 1 . 2nm. 2nm , 38 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Sipilä , M. , Berndt , T. , Petäjä , T. , Brus , D. , Vanhanen , J. , Stratmann , F. , Patokoski , J. , Mauldin , R. L. , Hyvärinen , A.-P. , Lihavainen , H. and Kulmala , M. 2010 . The Role of Sulphuric Acid in Atmospheric Nucleation . Science. , 327 : 1243 – 1246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spracklen , D. V. , Carslaw , K. S. , Kulmala , M. , Kerminen , V.-M. , Sihto , S.-L. , Riipinen , I. , Merikanto , J. , Mann , G. W. , Chipperfield , M. P. , Wiedensohler , A. , Birmili , W. and Lihavainen , H. 2008 . Contribution of Particle Formation to Global Cloud Condensation Nuclei Concentrations . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 35 : L06808 doi:10.1029/2007GL033038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spurny , K. R. 2000 . Atmospheric Condensation Nuclei P. J. Coulier 1875 and J. Aitken 1880 (Historical Review) . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 32 : 243 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner , G. , Attoui , M. , Wimmer , D. and Reischl , G. P. 2010 . A Medium Flow, High-Resolution Vienna DMA Running in Recirculating Mode . Aeorosol Sci. Technol , 44 : 308 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szymanski , W. W. and Wagner , P. E. 1990 . Absolute Aerosol Number Concentration Measurement by Simultaneous Observation of Extinction and Scattered Light . J. Aerosol Sci. , 21 : 441 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vehkamäki , H. , Määttänen , A. , Lauri , A. , Kulmala , M. , Winkler , P. , Vrtala , A. and Wagner , P. E. 2007 . Heterogeneous Multicomponent Nucleation Theorems for the Analysis of Nanoclusters . J. Chem. Phys. , 126 : 174707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viisanen , Y. , Wagner , P. E. and Strey , R. 1998 . Measurement of the Molecular Content of Binary Nuclei. IV. Use of the Nucleation Rate Surfaces for the n-Nonane–n-Alcohol Series . J. Chem. Phys. , 108 : 4257 – 4266 .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , P. E. 1985 . A Constant-Angle Mie Scattering Method (CAMS) for Investigation of Particle Formation Processes . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 105 : 456 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , P. E. , Kaller , D. , Vrtala , A. , Lauri , A. , Kulmala , M. and Laaksonen , A. 2003 . Nucleation Probability in Binary Heterogeneous Nucleation of Water-n-Propanol Vapor Mixtures on Insoluble and Soluble Nanoparticles . Phys. Rev. E. , 67 : 021605
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , C. T. R. 1923 . Investigation on X-Rays and β-Rays by the Cloud Method . Proc. R. Soc. , 104 : 192
   Google Scholar
• Winkler , P. M. , Hienola , A. , Steiner , G. , Hill , G. , Vrtala , A. , Reischl , G. P. , Kulmala , M. and Wagner , P. E. 2008a . Effects of Seed Particle Size and Composition on Heterogeneous Nucleation of n-Nonane . Atmos. Res. , 90 : 187 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler , P. M. , Steiner , G. , Vrtala , A. , Vehkamäki , H. , Noppel , M. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. , Reischl , G. P. , Wagner , P. E. and Kulmala , M. 2008b . Heterogeneous Nucleation Experiments Bridging the Scale from Molecular Ion Clusters to Nanoparticles . Science. , 319 : 1374 – 1377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler , P. M. , Vrtala , A. and Wagner , P. E. 2008c . Condensation Particle Counting Below 2 nm Seed Particle Diameter and the Transition from Heterogeneous to Homogeneous Nucleation . Atmos. Res. , 90 : 125 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar