Influence of Carrier Gas Flow Rate, Laser Repetition Rate, and Fluence on the Size Distribution and Number of Nanoparticles Generated Per Laser Shot During Paint Laser Ablation

REFERENCES

• Albert , O. , Roger , S. , Glinec , Y. , Loulergue , J. C. , Etchepare , J. Boulmer-Leborgne , C. 2003 . Time-Resolved Spectroscopy Measurements of a Titanium Plasma Induced by Nanosecond and Femtosecond Lasers . Appl. Phys. A, Mater. Sci. Process , 76 : 319 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso , M. , Alguacil , F. J. , Santos , J. P. , Jidenko , N. and Borra , J. P. 2007 . Deposition of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles on Wire Screens by Simultaneous Diffusion and Image Force . J. Aerosol Sci. , 38 ( 12 ) : 1230 – 1239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amoruso , S. , Ausanio , G. , Barone , A. C. , Bruzzese , R. , Campana , C. and Wang , X. 2007 . Nanoparticles Size Modifications During Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Nickel in Vacuum . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 254 : 1012 – 1016 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , P. A. and Willeke , K. 2001 . Aerosol Measurement. Principles, Techniques and Applications , 2nd ed. , Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley, New York. . ISBN 0-471-35636-0
   Google Scholar
• Bereznai , M. , Heszler , P. , Toth , Z. , Wilhelmsson , O. and Boman , M. 2006 . Measurements of Nanoparticle Size Distribution Produced by Laser Ablation of Tungsten and Boron-Carbide in N2 Ambient . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 252 : 4368 – 4372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borra , J. P. 2006 . Nucleation and Aerosol Processing in Atmospheric Pressure Electrical Discharges: Powders Production, Coatings and Filtration . J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. , 39 : R19 – R54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borra , J. P. 2008 . Charging of Aerosol and Nucleation in Atmospheric Pressure Electrical Discharges . Plasma Phys. Contr. F. , 50 : 124036 ISSN: 0741-3335,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulaud , D. 1993 . “ Aerosol Production by Laser Ablation ” . In Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Synthesis and Measurement of Ultrafine Particles. Synthesis and Measurement of Ultrafine Particles , Edited by: Marijnissen , J. C. M. and Pratsinis , S. 31 – 40 . Delft University Press . Amsterdam
   Google Scholar
• Brygo , F. , Dutouquet , Ch. , Le Guern , F. , Oltra , R. , Semerok , A. and Weulersse , J. M. 2006 . Laser Fluence, Repetion Rate and Pulse Duration Effects on Paint Ablation . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 252 : 2131 – 2138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camata , R. P. , Hirasawa , M. , Okuyama , K. and Takeuchi , K. 2000 . Observation of Aerosol Formation During Laser Ablation Using a Low-Pressure Differential Mobility Analyzer . J. Aerosol Sci. , 31 : 391 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craciun , V. , Bassim , N. , Singh , R. K. , Craciun , D. , Hermann , J. and Boulmer-Leborgne , C. 2002 . Laser-Induced Explosive Boiling During Nanosecond Laser Ablation of Silicon . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 186 : 288 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Delaporte , Ph. , Gastaud , M. , Marine , W. , Sentis , M. , Uteza , O. Thouvenot , P. 2003 . Dry Excimer Laser Cleaning Applied to Nuclear Decontamination . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 208–209 : 298 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Deno , H. , Kamemoto , T. , Nemoto , S. , Koshio , A. and Kokai , F. 2008 . Formation of TiN-Ir Particle Films Using Pulsed-Laser Deposition and Their Electrolytic Properties in Producing Hypochlorous Acid . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 254 : 2776 – 2782 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewalle , P. , Vendel , J. , Weulersse , J.-M. , Hervé , P. and Decobert , G. 2010 . Characterization of Aerosols Generated by Nanosecond Laser Ablation of an Acrylic Wall Paint . Aerosp. Sci. Technol. , 44 ( 10 ) : 902 – 915 .
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez , J. J. , Liu , C. , Wen , S. B. , Mao , X. and Russo , R. E. 2007a . Metal Particles Produced by Laser Ablation for ICP-MS Measurements . Talanta, , 73 : 567 – 576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez , J. J. , Liu , C. , Wen , S. B. , Mao , X. and Russo , R. E. 2007b . Glass Particles Produced by Laser Ablation for ICP-MS Measurements . Talanta , 73 : 577 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathorne , E. C. , James , R. H. , Savage , P. and Alard , O. 2008 . Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Particles Produced by Laser Ablation of Biogenic Calcium Carbonate . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 23 : 240 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauer , R. H. 2004 . Laser Ablation of Polymers Studied by Time Resolved Methods. Ph.D. thesis , Zurich, , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Institute of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Heszler , P. 2002 . Emission Spectroscopy and Size Distribution of Gas Phase Nanoparticles Generated by Laser-Based Methods . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 186 : 538 – 545 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heszler , P. , Elihn , K. , Landström , L. and Boman , M. 2002 . Formation and Emission Spectroscopy of Laser-Generated Nanoparticles . Smart Mater. Struct. , 11 : 631 – 639 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds , W. C. 1999 . Aerosol Technology. Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles , 2nd ed. , Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley . New York. ISBN 978-0-471-19410-1
   Google Scholar
• Hirazawa , M. , Seto , T. , Orii , T. , Aya , N. and Shimura , H. 2002 . Synthesis of Size-Selected TiOx Nanoparticles . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 197–198 : 661 – 665 .
   Google Scholar
• Jeong , S. H. , Borisov , O. V. , Yoo , J. H. , Mao , X. L. and Russo , R. E. 1999 . Effects of Particle Size Distribution on Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Signal Intensity During Laser Ablation of Glass Samples . Anal. Chem. , 71 ( 22 ) : 5123 – 5130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami , Y. , Seto , T. and Ozawa , E. 1999 . Characteristics of Ultrafine Tungsten Particles Produced by Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation . Appl. Phys. A , 69 ( Suppl. ) : S249 – S252 .
   Google Scholar
• Koch , J. , Wälle , M. , Dietiker , R. and Günther , D. 2008 . Analysis of Laser-Produced Aerosols by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Transport Phenomena and Elemental Fractionation . Anal. Chem. , 80 ( 4 ) : 915 – 921 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kokai , K. , Takahashi , K. , Shimizu , K. , Yudasaka , M. and Iijima , S. 1999 . Shadowgraphic and Emission Imaging Spectroscopic Studies of the Laser Ablation of Graphite in an Ar Gas Atmosphere . Appl. Phys. A, Mater. Sci. Process. , 69 : S223 – S227 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , H.-R. and Günther , D. 2005 . The Agglomeration State of Nanosecond Laser-Generated Aerosol Particles Entering the ICP . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 383 : 434 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn , H. R. , Koch , J. , Hergenröder , R. , Niemax , K. , Kalberer , M. and Günther , D. 2005 . Evaluation of Different Techniques for Particle Size Distribution Measurements on Laser-Generated Aerosols . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 20 : 894 – 900 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusch , H.-G. , Heinze , T. and Wiedemann , G. 2003 . Hazardous Emissions and Health Risk During Laser Cleaning of Natural Stones . J. Cult. Herit. , 4 38s–44s
   Google Scholar
• Landström , L. , Marton , Z. S. , Boman , M. and Heszler , P. 2004 . Monitoring Nanoparticle Formation During Laser Ablation of Graphite in an Atmospheric-Pressure Ambient . Appl. Phys. A, Mater. Sci. Process. , 79 : 537 – 542 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , D. W. and Cheng , M.-D. 2004a . Investigations of Nanoparticle Generation During Surface Decontamination by Laser Ablation at Low Fluence . J. Aerosol Sci. , 35 : 1513 – 1526 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , D. W. and Cheng , M.-D. 2004b . Particle Generation by Laser Ablation During Surface Decontamination . J. Aerosol Sci. , 35 : 1527 – 1540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , C. , Mao , X. L. , Mao , S. S. , Zeng , X. , Greif , R. and Russo , R. E. 2004 . Nanosecond and Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Brass: Particulate and ICPMS Measurements . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 379 – 383 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu , C. L. 2005 . A Study of Particle Generation During Laser Ablation with Applications. Ph.D. thesis , Berkeley, , USA : University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Lowndes , D. H. , Rouleau , C. M. , Thundat , T. , Duscher , G. , Kenik , E. A. and Pennycook , S. J. 1998 . Silicon and Zinc Telluride Nanoparticles Synthesized by Pulsed Laser Ablation: Size Distributions and Nanoscale Structure . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 127–129 : 355 – 361 .
   Google Scholar
• Lushnikov , A. A. 1996 . Laser Induced Aerosols . J. Aerosol Sci. , 27 ( 1 ) : S377 – S378 .
   Google Scholar
• Mahfouz , R. , Cadete Santos Aires , F. J. , Brenier , A. , Jacquier , B. and Bertolini , J. C. 2008 . Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Nanosized Particles Produced by Laser Ablation of a Nickel Target in Water . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 254 : 5181 – 5190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marton , Zs. , Landström , L. , Boman , M. and Heszler , P. 2003 . A Comparative Study of Size Distribution of Nanoparticles Generated by Laser Ablation of Graphite and Tungsten . Mater. Sci. Eng. C , 23 : 225 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Mateo , M. P. , Ctvrtnickova , T. , Fernandez , E. , Ramos , J. A. , Yanez , A. and Nicolas , G. 2009 . Laser Cleaning of Varnishes and Contaminants on Brass . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 255 ( 10 ) : 5579 – 5583 .
   Google Scholar
• Ogawa , K. , Vogt , T. , Ullmann , M. , Johnson , S. and Friedlander , S. K. 2000 . Elastic Properties of Nanoparticles Chain Aggregates of TiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 Generated by Laser Ablation . J. Appl. Phys. , 87 ( 1 ) : 63 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Seol , K. S. , Camata , R. P. and Takeuchi , K. 1999 . Study on the Formation of Silicon Nanoparticles During Laser Ablation Using a Low-Pressure Differential Mobility Analyzer . J. Aerosol Sci. , 30 ( Suppl. 1 ) S467–S468
   Google Scholar
• Seto , T. , Kawakami , Y. , Suzuki , N. , Hirazawa , M. , Kano , S. Aya , N. 2001 . Evaluation of Morphology and Size Distribution of Silicon and Titanium Oxide Nanoparticules Generated by Laser Ablation . J. Nanopart. Res. , 3 : 185 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thareja , R. K. and Shukla , S. 2007 . Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation of Zinc in Liquid . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 253 : 8889 – 8895 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullmann , M. , Friedlander , S. K. and Schmidt-Ott , A. 2002 . Nanoparticle Formation by Laser Ablation . J. Nano. Res. , 4 : 499 – 509 .
   Google Scholar
• Wen , S.-B. , Mao , X. , Greif , R. and Russo , R. E. 2007a . Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Particle Generation After Laser Ablation of Copper with a Background Gas at Atmospheric Pressure . J. Appl. Phys. , 101 ( 123105 ) : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Wen , S.-B. , Mao , X. , Greif , R. and Russo , R. E. 2007b . Laser Ablation Induced Vapour Plume Expansion into a Background Gas. II. Experimental Analysis . J. Appl. Phys. , 101 ( 023115 ) : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar