The Impact of Ethanol Fuel Blends on PM Emissions from a Light-Duty GDI Vehicle

REFERENCES

• Aikawa , K. , Sakurai , T. and Jetter , J. J. 2010 . Development of a Predictive Model for Gasoline Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions . SAE Techical Paper No. 2010-01-2115. SAE, Warrendale, PA
   Google Scholar
• Akard , M. , Oestergaard , K. , Chase , R. E. , Richert , J. F. O. , Fukushima , H. and Adachi , M. 2004 . Comparison of an Alternative Particulate Mass Measurement with Advanced Microbalance Analysis . SAE Technical Paper No. 2004-01-0589. SAE, Warrendale, PA
   Google Scholar
• California Air Resources Board. 2010 . Preliminary Discussion Paper – Proposed Amendments to California's Low-Emission Vehicle Regulations – Particulate Matter Mass, Ultrafine Solid Particle Number, and Black Carbon Emissions . http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/leviii/meetings/051810/pm_disc_paper-v6.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chen , L. , Braisher , M. , Crossley , A. , Stone , R. and Richardson , D. 2010 . The Influence of Ethanol Blends on Particulate Matter Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Engines . SAE Technical Paper No. , 2010-01-0793. SAE, Warrendale, PA
   Google Scholar
• Chow , J. C. , Watson , J. G. , Crow , D. , Lowenthal , D. H. and Merrifield , T. 2001 . Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH Carbon Measurements . Aerosol Sci. Technol., , 34 : 23 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coordinating Research Council. 2011 . Reports E77-2c, Study to Determine Evaporative Emission Breakdown, Including Permeation Effects and Diurnal Emissions, Using E20 Fuels on Aging Enhanced Evaporative Emissions Certified Vehicles (2010) and E90-2a, Evaluation of Inspection and Maintenance OBD II Data to Identify Vehicles That May Be Sensitive to E10+ Blends (2011) . Available at http://www.crcao.com/publications/emissions/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Durbin , T. D. , Miller , J. W. , Younglove , T. , Huai , T. and Cocker , K. 2007 . Effects of Fuel Ethanol Content and Volatility on Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions for the Latest Technology Gasoline Vehicles . Environ. Sci. Technol., , 41 : 4059 – 4064 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser , N. , Blaxill , H. , Lumsden , G. and Bassett , M. 2009 . Challenges for Increased Efficiency Through Gasoline Engine Downsizing . SAE Int. J. Eng. , 2 : 991 – 1008 .
   Google Scholar
• Giechaskiel , B. , Dilara , P. , Sandbach , E. and Andersson , J. 2008 . Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Light-Duty Inter-Laboratory Exercise: Comparison of Different Particle Number Measurement Systems . Meas. Sci. Technol. , 19 : 095401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , S. J., and Maricq , M. M. 2001 . Signature Size Distributions for Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhaust Particulate Matter . J. Aerosol Sci. , 32 : 749 – 764 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He , X. , Ireland , J. C. , Zigler , B. T. , Ratcliff , M. A. , Knoll , K. E. Alleman , T. L., . 2010 . The Impacts of Mid-Level Biofuel Content in Gasoline on SIDI Engine-Out and Tailpipe Particulate Matter Emissions . SAE Technical Paper No. 2010-01-2125. SAE, Warrendale, PA
   Google Scholar
• Kar , K. , and Cheng , W. K. 2009 . Speciated Engine-Out Organic Gas Emissions from a PFI-SI Engine Operating on Ethanol/Gasoline Mixtures . SAE Technical Paper No. 2009-01-2673. SAE, Warrendale, PA
   Google Scholar
• Keskinen , J. , Pietarinen , K. and Lehtimäki , M. 1992 . Electrical Low Pressure Impactor . J. Aerosol Sci. , 23 : 353 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalek , I. A. , Bougher , T. and Jetter , J. J. 2010 . Particle Emissions from a 2009 Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Using Different Commercially Available Fuels . SAE Technical Paper No. 2010-01-2117. SAE, Warrendale, PA
   Google Scholar
• Kirchner , U. , Vogt , R. and Maricq , M. 2010 . Investigation of EURO-5/6 Level Particle Number Emissions of European Diesel Light Duty Vehicles . SAE Technical Paper No. 2010-01-0789. SAE, Warrendale, PA
   Google Scholar
• Knoll , K. , West , B. , Huff , S. , Thomas , J. , Orban , J. and Cooper , C. 2009 . Effects of Mid-Level Ethanol Blends on Conventional Vehicle Emissions . SAE Technical Paper No. 2009-01-2723. SAE, Warrendale, PA
   Google Scholar
• Mamakos , A. , Ntziachristos , L. and Samaras , Z. 2006 . Evaluation of the Dekati Mass Monitor for the Measurement of Exhaust Particle Mass Emissions . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 4739 – 4745 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq , M. M. 2011 . Soot Formation in Ethanol/Gasoline Fuel Blend Diffusion Flames . Combust. Flame , 159 : 170 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq , M. M. , Podsiadlik , D. H. and Chase , R. E. 1999 . Examination of the Size-Resolved and Transient Nature of Motor Vehicle Particle Emissions . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 1618 – 1626 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq , M. M. , Szente , J. , Loos , M. and Vogt , R. 2011 . Motor Vehicle PM Emissions Measurement at LEV III Levels . SAE Int. J. Eng. , 4 : 597 – 609 .
   Google Scholar
• Maricq , M. M. , Xu , N. and Chase , R. E. 2006 . Measuring Particulate Mass Emissions with an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 40 : 68 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntziachristos , L. , and Samaras , Z. 2010 . The Potential of a Partial-Flow Constant Dilution Ratio Sampling System as a Candidate for Vehicle Exhaust Aerosol Measurements . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 60 : 1223 – 1236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storey , J. M. , Barone , T. , Norman , K. and Lewis , S. 2010 . Ethanol Blend Effects on Direct Injection Spark-Ignition Gasoline Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions . SAE Technical Paper No. 2010-01-2129. SAE, Warrendale, PA
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Energy Information Administration . 2011 . Petroleum & Other Liquids: Weekly Supply Estimates . Available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_sum_sndw_dcus_nus_w.htm
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2007 . Renewable Fuel Standard . Available at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/renewablefuels/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2008 . Analysis of Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles in Kansas City . Available at http://www.epa.gov/oms/emission-factors-research/420r08010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2010 . EPA Announces E15 Partial Waiver Decision and Fuel Pump Labeling Proposal . Available at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/fuels/additive/e15/420f10054.htm
   Google Scholar
• Yi , J. , Wooldridge , S. , Coulson , G. , Hilditch , J. , Iyer , C. O. Moilanen , P. , . 2009 . Development and Optimization of the Ford 3.5L V6 EcoBoost Combustion System . SAE Int. J. Eng. , 2 : 1388 – 1407 .
   Google Scholar