Intermediate Air Filters for General Ventilation Applications: An Experimental Evaluation of Various Filtration Efficiency Expressions

REFERENCES

• American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) . 2007 . Standard 52.2: Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size , Atlanta, GA : ASHRAE .
   Google Scholar
• Bräuner , E. V. , Forchhammer , L. , Møller , P. , Simonsen , J. , Glasius , M. Wåhlin , P. 2007 . Exposure to Ultrafine Particles from Ambient Air and Oxidative Stress–Induced DNA Damage . Environ. Health Perspect. , 115 : 1177 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daigle , C. C. , Cholera , D. C. , Gibbs , F. R. , Morrow , P. E. , Oberdörster , G. Utell , M. J. 2003 . Ultrafine Particle Deposition in Human During Rest and Exercise . Inhal. Toxicol. , 15 : 539 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delfino , R. J. , Sioutas , C. and Malik , S. 2005 . Potential Role of Ultrafine Particles in Associations Between Airborne Particle Mass and Cardiovascular Health . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 934 – 936 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekberg , L. E. and Shi , B. 2009 . Removal of Ultrafine Particles by Ventilation Air Filters , Syracuse , NY : Proceeding of Healthy Buildings 2009 .
   Google Scholar
• European Committee for Air Handling & Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers (EUROVENT) . 2009 . REC 18: Recommendation Concerning Diesel Fume/Discharging Test of Air Filters , Brussels, Belgium : EUROVENT .
   Google Scholar
• European Committee for Standardization (CEN) . 2012 . Standard EN 779: Particulate Air Filters for General Ventilation- Determination of the Filtration Performance , Brussels, Belgium : CEN .
   Google Scholar
• Fisk , W. J. , Faulkner , D. , Palonen , J. and Seppanen , O. 2002 . Performance and Costs of Particle Air Filtration Technologies . Indoor Air , 12 : 223 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley , J. T. , Ensor , D. S. , Smith , D. D. and Sparks , L. E. 1994 . Fractional Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of In-Duct Ventilation Air Cleaners . Indoor Air , 4 : 169 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds , W. C. 1999 . Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles , 190 – 200 . New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Kanaoka , C. , Emi , H. , Otani , Y. and Iiyama , T. 1987 . Effect of Charging State of Particles on Electret Filtration . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 7 : 1 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. C. , Qtani , Y. , Noto , D. , Namiki , N. and Kimura , K. 2005 . Initial Collection Performance of Resin Wool Filters and Estimation of Charge Density . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 39 : 501 – 508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kousaka , Y. , Okuyama , K. , Adachi , M. and Ebie , K. 1981 . Measurement of Electric Charge of Aerosol Particles Generated by Various Methods . J. Chem. Eng. Japan , 14 : 54 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kousaka , Y. , Okuyama , K. , Shimada , M. and Takii , Y. 1989 . Development of a Method for Testing Very High-Efficiency Membrane Filters for Ultrafine Aerosol Particles . J. Chem. Eng. Japan , 23 : 568 – 574 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , K. W. and Liu , B. Y. H. 1980 . On the Minimum Efficiency and the Most Penetrating Particle Size for Fibrous Filters . J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc. , 40 : 377 – 381 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , K. W. and Liu , B. Y. H. 1981 . Experimental Study of Aerosol Filtration by Fibrous Filters . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 1 : 35 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lore , M. B. , Sambol , A. R. , Japuntich , D. A. , Franklin , L. M. and Hinrichs , S. H. 2011 . Inter-Laboratory Performance Between Two Nanoparticle Air Filtration Systems Using Scanning Mobility Particle Analyzers . J. Nanopart. Res. , 13 : 1581 – 1591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , S. B. and Moyer , E. S. 2000 . Electrostatic Respirator Filter Media: Filter Efficiency and Most Penetrating Particle Size Effects . App. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 15 : 609 – 617 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mostofi , R. , Wang , B. , Haghighat , F. , Bahloul , A. and Jaime , L. 2010 . Performance of Mechanical Filters and Respirators for Capturing Nanoparticles–Limitations and Future Direction . Industrial Health , 48 : 296 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster , G. , Sharp , V. A. , Elder , A. , Gelein , R. , Kreyling , W. and Cox , C. 2004 . Translocation of Inhaled Ultrafine Particles to the Brain . Inhal. Toxicol. , 16 : 437 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raynor , P. C. and Chae , S. J. 2004 . The Longterm Performance of Electrically Charged Filters in a Ventilation System . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 1 : 463 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raynor , P. C. , Kim , B. G. , Ramachandran , G. , Horns , J. H. and Streifel , A. J. 2008 . Collection of Biological and Non-Biological Particles by New and Used Filters Made from Glass and Electrostatically Charged Synthetic Filters . Indoor Air , 18 : 51 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rengasamy , S. and Eimer , B. C. 2011 . Total Inward Leakage of Nanoparticles Through Filter Facepiece Respirators . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 55 : 253 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , A. W. , Eshbaugh , J. P. , Hofacre , K. C. and Gardner , P. D. 2006 . “ Respirator Filter Efficiency Testing Against Particulate and Biological Aerosols Under Moderate to High Flow Rates ” . In U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center Report ECBC-CR-085 , Columbus , OH : Battelle Memorial Inst. .
   Google Scholar
• Romay , F. J. , Liu , B. Y. H. and Chae , S. J. 1998 . Experimental Study of Electrostatic Capture Mechanisms in Commercial Electret Filters . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 28 : 224 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siouta , C. , Delfino , R. J. and Singh , M. 2005 . Exposure Assessment for Atmospheric Ultrafine Particles (UFPs) and Implications in Epidemiologic Research . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 945 – 955 .
   Google Scholar
• Stahlhofen , W. , Gebhart , J. , Heyder , J. and Roth , C. 1975 . Generation and Properties of a Condensation Aerosol of di-2-ethylhexyl Sebacate (DES)—I: Description of the Generator . J. Aerosol Sci. , 6 : 161 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Vinzents , P. S. , Møller , P. , Sørensen , M. , Knudsen , L. E. , Hertel , O. Jensen , F. P. 2005 . Personal Exposure to Ultrafine Particles and Oxidative DNA Damage . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 1485 – 1490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , H. C. and Kasper , G. 1991 . Filtration Efficiency of Nanometer-Size Aerosol Particles . J. Aerosol Sci. , 22 : 31 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , B. and Shen , J. 2007 . “ Comparison of General Ventilation Air Filter Test Standards Between America and Europe ” . In Proceedings of IAQVEC 2007—6th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality 639 – 646 . Sendai , , Japan Ventilation and Energy Conservation in Buildings, Vol. 2
   Google Scholar