Fluxes of Fine Particles Over a Semi-Arid Pine Forest: Possible Effects of a Complex Terrain

REFERENCES

• Andreae , T. W. , Andreae , M. O. , Ichoku , C. , Maenhaut , W. , Cafmeyer , J. Karnieli , A. 2002 . Light Scattering by Dust and Anthropogenic Aerosol at a Remote Site in the Negev Desert, Israel . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. , 107 : D1 – D2 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belcher , S. E. , Harman , I. N. and Finnigan , J. J. 2012 . The Wind in the Willows: Flows in Forest Canopies in Complex Terrain . Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. , 44 ( 44 ) : 479 – 504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruijnzeel , L. A. 1991 . Nutrient Input Output Budgets of Tropical Forest Ecosystems—A Review . J. Trop. Ecol. , 7 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzorius , G. , Rannik , Ü. , Mäkelä , J. M. , Vesala , T. and Kulmala , M. 1998 . Vertical Aerosol Particle Fluxes Measured by Eddy Covariance Technique Using Condensational Particle Counter . J. Aerosol Sci. , 29 : 157 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzorius , G. , Rannik , Ü. , Nilsson , D. and Kulmala , M. 2001 . Vertical Fluxes and Micrometeorology During Aerosol Particle Formation Events . Tellus B , 53 : 394 405
   Google Scholar
• Challinor , A. , Wheeler , T. , Garforth , C. , Craufurd , P. and Kassam , A. 2007 . Assessing the Vulnerability of Food Crop Systems in Africa to Climate Change . Climatic Change , 83 : 381 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai , A. G. 2011 . Drought Under Global Warming: A Review . Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.-Clim. Chang. , 2 : 45 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erisman , J. W. , Draaijers , G. , Duyzer , J. , Hofschreuder , P. , VanLeeuwen , N. Romer , F. 1997 . Particle Deposition to Forests - Summary of Results and Application . Atmos. Environ., , 31 : 321 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng , J. 2008 . A Size-Resolved Model and a Four-Mode Parameterization of Dry Deposition of Atmospheric Aerosols . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. , 113 : D12201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnigan , J. J. and Belcher , S. E. 2004 . Flow over a Hill Covered with a Plant Canopy . Q. J/ Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 130 : 1 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foken , T. 2008 . Micrometeorology , Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , D. , Pilegaard , K. , Sutton , M. A. , Ambus , P. , Raivonen , M. Duyzer , J. 2009 . Atmospheric Composition Change: Ecosystems-Atmosphere Interactions . Atmos. Environ. , 43 : 5193 – 5267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher , M. W. , Beswick , K. M. , Duyzer , J. , Westrate , H. , Choularton , T. W. and Hummelshoj , P. 1997 . Measurements of Aerosol Fluxes to Speulder Forest Using a Micrometeorological Technique . Atmos. Environ. , 31 : 359 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher , M. W. , Nemitz , E. , Dorsey , J. R. , Fowler , D. , Sutton , M. A. Flynn , M. 2002 . Measurements and Parameterizations of Small Aerosol Deposition Velocities to Grassland, Arable Crops, and Forest: Influence of Surface Roughness Length on Deposition . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. , 107: 4154, DOI: 4110.1029/2001JD000817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaman , A. I. , Kulmala , M. , Vehkamaki , H. , Napari , I. , Mircea , M. Facchini , M. C. 2004 . Binary Homogeneous Nucleation in Water-Succinic Acid and Water-Glutaric Acid Systems . J. Chem. Phys. , 120 : 282 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gash , J. H. C. and Dolman , A. J. 2003 . Sonic Anemometer Cosine Response and Flux Measurement I. The Potential for Cosine Error to Affect Sonic Anemometer-Based Flux Measurements . Agr. Forest. Meteorol. , 119 : 195 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , M. , Staebler , R. M. , Liggio , J. , Vlasenko , A. , Li , S. M. and Hayden , K. 2011 . Aerosol Flux Measurements Above a Mixed Forest at Borden, Ontario . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 11 : 6773 – 6786 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravenhorst , A. W. A. G. 1989 . “ Dry Deposition of Atmospheric Particles to an Old Spruce Stand ” . In Mechanisms and Effects of Air Pollutant Transfer into Forests , 77 – 86 . Kluwer Academic Publishers . Dordrecht, The Netherlands
   Google Scholar
• Gronholm , T. , Aalto , P. P. , Hiltunen , V. , Rannik , U. , Rinne , J. Laakso , L. 2007 . Measurements of Aerosol Particle Dry Deposition Velocity Using the Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Technique . Tellus B , 59 : 381 – 386 .
   Google Scholar
• Grunzweig , J. M. , Lin , T. , Rotenberg , E. , Schwartz , A. and Yakir , D. 2003 . Carbon Sequestration in Arid-Land Forest . Global Change Biol., , 9 : 791 – 799 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks , B. B. , Draxler , R. R. , Albritton , D. L. , Fehsenfeld , F. C. , Hales , J. M. Meyers , T. P. 1989a . Atmospheric Processes Research and Process Model Development. State of Science/Technology, Report No. 2 . National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Hicks , B. B. , Matt , D. R. , Mcmillen , R. T. , Womack , J. D. , Wesely , M. L. Hart , R. L. 1989b . A Field Investigation of Sulfate Fluxes to a Deciduous Forest . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. , 94 : 13003 – 13011 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks , B. B. 2008 . On Estimating Dry Deposition Rates in Complex Terrain . J. Appl. Met. Clim. , 47 : 1651 – 1658 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC . 2007 . Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment—Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Geneva : IPCC . Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Isaksen , I. S. A. , Granier , C. , Myhre , G. , Berntsen , T. K. , Dalsoren , S. B. Gauss , M. 2009 . Atmospheric Composition Change: Climate–Chemistry Interactions . Atmos. Environ. , 43 : 5138 – 5192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katul , G. G. and Poggi , D. 2010 . The Influence of Hilly Terrain on Aerosol-Sized Particle Deposition into Forested Canopies . Bound-Lay Meteorol. , 135 : 67 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katul , G. G. and Poggi , D. 2011 . A Note on Aerosol Sized Particle Deposition onto Dense and Tall Canopies Situated on Gentle Cosine Hills . Tellus B , 63 : 395 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , T. 2012 . Eco-Physiology of Water use in Pinus Halepensis: From Leaf to Forest Scale , 100 Rehovot , , Israel : Weizmann Institute of Science .
   Google Scholar
• Lamaud , E. , Brunet , Y. , Labatut , A. , Lopez , A. , Fontan , J. and Druilhet , A. 1994 . The Landes Experiment–Biosphere–Atmosphere Exchanges of Ozone and Aerosol-Particles above a Pine Forest . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. , 99 : 16511 – 16521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz , R. and Murphy , C. E. 1989 . Dry Deposition of Particles to a Pine Plantation . Bound-Lay Meteorol. , 46 : 355 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovett , G. M. 1994 . Atmospheric Deposition of Nutrients and Pollutants in North America: An Ecological Perspective . Ecol. Appl. , 4 : 629 – 650 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magill , A. H. , Aber , J. D. , Currie , W. S. , Nadelhoffer , K. J. , Martin , M. E. McDowell , W. H. 2004 . Ecosystem Response to 15 Years of Chronic Nitrogen Additions at the Harvard Forest LTER, Massachusetts, USA . Forest Ecol. Manag. , 196 : 7 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maseyk , K. S. , Lin , T. , Rotenberg , E. , Gruenzweig , J. M. , Schwartz , A. and Yakir , D. 2008 . Physiology–Phenology Interactions in a Productive Semi-Arid Pine Forest . New Phytol. , 178 : 603 – 616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakai , T. , van der Molen , M. K. , Gash , J. H. C. and Kodama , Y. 2006 . Correction of Sonic Anemometer Angle of Attack Errors . Agr. Forest Meteorol. , 136 : 19 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemitz , E. G. and University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology . 1998 . “ Surface/Atmosphere Exchange of Ammonia and Chemically Interacting Species ” . Manchester, UK : University of Manchester .
   Google Scholar
• Nemitz , E. , Gallagher , M. W. , Duyzer , J. H. and Fowler , D. 2002 . Micrometeorological Measurements of Particle Deposition Velocities to Moorland Vegetation . Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 128 : 2281 – 2300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemitz , E. and Sutton , M. A. 2004 . Gas-Particle Interactions Above a Dutch Heathland: III. Modelling the Influence of the NH3-HNO3-NH4NO3 Equilibrium on Size-Segregated Particle Fluxes . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 4 : 1025 – 1045 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nho-Kim , E. Y. , Michou , M. and Peuch , V. H. 2004 . Parameterization of Size-Dependent Particle Dry Deposition Velocities for Global Modeling . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 1933 – 1942 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson , E. D. , Rannik , U. , Kulmala , M. , Buzorius , G. and O’Dowd , C. D. 2001 . Effects of Continental Boundary Layer Evolution, Convection, Turbulence and Entrainment, on Aerosol Formation . Tellus B , 53 : 441 – 461 .
   Google Scholar
• Ould-Dada , Z. , Copplestone , D. , Toal , M. and Shaw , G. 2002 . Effect of Forest Edges on Deposition of Radioactive Aerosols . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 5595 – 5606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petroff , A. , Mailliat , A. , Amielh , M. and Anselmet , F. 2008 . Aerosol Dry Deposition on Vegetative Canopies. Part I: Review of Present Knowledge . Atmos. Environ. , 42 : 3625 – 3653 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petroff , A. and Zhang , L. 2010 . Development and Validation of a Size-Resolved Particle Dry Deposition Scheme for Application in Aerosol Transport Models . Geosci. Model. Dev. , 3 : 753 – 769 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petroff , A. , Zhang , L. M. , Pryor , S. C. and Belot , Y. 2009 . An Extended Dry Deposition Model for Aerosols onto Broadleaf Canopies . J. Aerosol. Sci. , 40 : 218 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poggi , D. and Katul , G. G. 2007 . Turbulent Flows on Forested Hilly Terrain: The Recirculation Region . Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 133 : 1027 – 1039 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryor , S. C. , Barthelmie , R. J. , Sorensen , L. L. , Larsen , S. E. , Sempreviva , A. M. Gronholm , T. 2008a . Upward Fluxes of Particles over Forests: When, Where, Why? . Tellus. B. , 60 : 372 – 380 .
   Google Scholar
• Pryor , S. C. , Gallagher , M. , Sievering , H. , Larsen , S. E. , Barthelmie , R. J. Birsan , F. 2008b . A Review of Measurement and Modelling Results of Particle Atmosphere-Surface Exchange . Tellus. B , 60 : 42 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Pryor , S. C. , Barthelmie , R. J. , Sorensen , L. L. , McGrath , J. G. , Hopke , P. and Petaja , T. 2011 . Spatial and Vertical Extent of Nucleation Events in the Midwestern USA: Insights from the Nucleation in Forests (NIFTy) Experiment . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 11 : 1641 – 1657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rannik , U. , Aalto , P. , Keronen , P. , Vesala , T. and Kulmala , M. 2003 . Interpretation of Aerosol Particle Fluxes over a Pine Forest: Dry Deposition and Random Errors . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. , 108 : 4544 DOI: 10.1029/2003JD003542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebmann , C. , Gockede , M. , Foken , T. , Aubinet , M. , Aurela , M. Berbigier , P. 2005 . Quality Analysis Applied on Eddy Covariance Measurements at Complex Forest Sites Using Footprint Modelling . Theor. Appl. Climatol. , 80 : 121 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , A. N. and Vosper , S. B. 2005 . Neutral Turbulent Flow over Forested Hills . Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 131 : 1841 – 1862 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotenberg , E. and Yakir , D. 2010 . Contribution of Semi-Arid Forests to the Climate System . Science , 327 : 451 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seinfeld , J. H. and Pandis , S. N. 2006 . Atmospheirc Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Sitch , S. , Cox , P. M. , Collins , W. J. and Huntingford , C. 2007 . Indirect Radiative Forcing of Climate Change Through Ozone Effects on the Land-Carbon Sink . Nature , 448 : 791 – U794 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slinn , W. G. N. 1982 . Predictions for Particle Deposition to Vegetative Canopies . Atmos. Environ. , 16 : 1785 – 1794 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprintsin , M. , Karnieli , A. , Berliner , P. , Rotenberg , E. , Yakir , D. and Cohen , S. 2009 . Evaluating the Performance of the MODIS Leaf Area Index (LAI) Product over a Mediterranean Dryland Planted Forest . Int. J. Remote Sens. , 30 : 5061 – 5069 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Aalst , R. M. 1986 . “ Dry Deposition of Aerosol Particles ” . In Aerosols: Research, Risk Assessment and Control Strategies. Proceedings of the U.S.-Dutch International Symposium , Edited by: Lee , S. D. , Schneider , T. , Grant , L. D. and Verkerk , P. J. 933 – 949 . Williamsburg, VA : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Vong , R. J. , Vong , I. J. , Vickers , D. and Covert , D. S. 2010 . Size-Dependent Aerosol Deposition Velocities During BEARPEX’ 07 . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 10 : 5749 – 5758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesely , M. L. , Cook , D. R. , Hart , R. L. and Speer , R. E. 1985 . Measurements and Parameterization of Particulate Sulfur Dry Deposition over Grass . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. , 90 : 2131 – 2143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wienhold , F. G. , Welling , M. and Harris , G. W. 1995 . Micrometeorological Measurement and Source Region Analysis of Nitrous-Oxide Fluxes from an Agricultural Soil . Atmos. Environ. , 29 : 2219 – 2227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyers , G. P. and Duyzer , J. H. 1997 . Micrometeorological Measurement of the Dry Deposition Flux of Sulphate and Nitrate Aerosols to Coniferous Forest . Atmos. Environ. , 31 : 333 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakir , D. and Rotenberg , E. 2007 . CO2 Sequestration in Semi-Arid Forests and its Effect on the Local Carbon Budget: Final Report 511-2, Ministry of Environment, Jerusalem, Israel . : 511 – 512 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , L. M. , Gong , S. L. , Padro , J. and Barrie , L. 2001 . A Size-Segregated Particle Dry Deposition Scheme for an Atmospheric Aerosol Module . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 549 – 560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar