Facile Method for Determining the Aspect Ratios of Mineral Dust Aerosol by Electron Microscopy

REFERENCES

• Adachi, K., Chung, S. H., Friedrich, H., and Buseck, P. R. (2007). Fractal Parameters of Individual Soot Particles Determined using Electron Tomography: Implications for Optical Properties. J. Geophys. Res., 112:D14202, doi:10.1029/2006JD008296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, G., Koop, T., Haspel, C., Taraniuk, I., Moise, T., Koren, I., et al. (2013). Formation of Highly Porous Aerosol Particles by Atmospheric Freeze-Drying In Ice Clouds. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 110:20414–20419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, J. D., Murray, B. J., Woodhouse, M. T., Whale, T. F., Baustian, K. J., Carslaw, K. S., et al. (2013). The Importance of Feldspar for Ice Nucleation by Mineral Dust in Mixed-Phase Clouds. Nature, 498:355–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becket, R., Murphy, D., Tadjiki, S., Chittleborough, D., and Giddings, J. (1997). Determination of Thickness, Aspect Ratio and Size Distributions for Platey Particles using Sedimentation Field-Flow Fractionation and Electron Microscopy. Colloid Surface A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 120:17–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bereznitski, Y., Jaroniec, M., and Maurice, P. (1998). Adsorption Characterization of Two Clay Minerals Society Standard Kaolinites. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 205:528–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickmore, B., Nagy, K., Sandlin, P., and Crater, T. (2002). Quantifying Surface Area of Clays by Atomic Force Microscopy. Am. Mineral., 87:780–783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brantley, S. L., and Mellott, N. P. (2000). Surface Area and Porosity of Primary Silicate Mineral. Am. Mineral., 85:1767–1783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadley, S. L., Murray, B. J., Herbert, R. J., Atkinson, J. D., Dobbie, S., Malkin, T. L., et al. (2012). Immersion Mode Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation by an Illite Rich Powder Representative of Atmospheric Mineral Dust. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12:287–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunauer, S., Emmett. P. H., and Teller, E. (1938). Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60(2):309–319.
   Google Scholar
• Cahill, C. F. (2003). Asian Aerosol Transport to Alaska During ACE-Asia. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23):8664, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H., Grassian, V. H., Laxmikant, S. V., and Laskin, A. (2013). Chemical Imaging Analysis of Environmental Particles using the Focused Ion Beam/Scanning Electron Microscopy Technique: Microanalysis Insights into Atmospheric Chemistry of Fly Ash. Analyst, 138:451–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chipera, S. J., and Bish, D. L. (2001). Baseline Studies of the Clay Minerals Society Source Clays: Powder x-Ray Diffraction Analyses. Clay Clay Miner., 49(5):398–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, T., and Pearce, R. B. (2007). Rapid Chemical Analysis of the <2 μm Clay Fraction using an SEM/EDS Technique. Clay Miner., 42:549–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conny, J. M. (2013). Internal Composition of Atmospheric Dust Particles from Focused Ion-Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47:8575–8581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dentener, F., Carmichael, G. R., Zhang, Y., Lelieveld, J., and Crutzen, P. J. (1996). Role of Mineral Aerosol as a Reactive Surface in the Global Troposphere. J. Geophys. Res., 101(D17):22869–22889, doi: 10.1029/96JD01818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Cofala, J., Generoso, S., et al. (2006). Emissions of Primary Aerosol and Precursor Gases in the Years 2000 and 1750, Prescribed Data-Sets for AeroCom. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6:2703–2763.
   Google Scholar
• Fairlie, T. D., Jacob, D., and Park, R. J. (2007). The Impact of Transpacific Transport of Mineral Dust in the United States. Atmos. Environ., 41:1251–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, E.V., Jaffe, D. A., Marley, N. A., Gaffney J. S., and Marchany-Rivera, A. (2010). Optical Properties of Aged Asian Aerosols Observed Over the U.S. Pacific Northwest. J. Geophys. Res., 115:D20209, doi: 10.1029/2010JD013943.
   Google Scholar
• Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., et al. (2007). Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. Averyt, M. Tignor, H. Miller, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Ginoux, P., Chin, M., Tegen, I., Prospero, J.M., Holben, B., Dubovik, O., et al. (2001). Sources and Distributions of Dust Aerosol Simulated with the GOCART Model. J. Geophys. Res., 106(D17):20255–20273, doi: 10.1029/2000JD000053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginoux, P., Prospero, J. M., Gill, T. E., Hsu, N. C., and Zhao, M. (2012). Global-Scale Attribution of Anthropogenic and Natural Dust Sources and Their Emission Rates Based upon MODIS Deep Blue Aerosol Products. Rev. Geophys., 50:RG3005. doi:10.1029/2012RG000388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grim, R. E. (1968). Clay Mineralology, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Haapanala, P., Raisanen, P., Kahnert, M., and Nousiainen, T. (2012). Sensitivity of the Shortwave Radiative Effect of Dust on Particle Shape: Comparison of Spheres and Spheroids. J. Geophys. Res., 117:D08201, doi:10.1029/2011JD017216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackley, V. A., and Stefaniak, A. B. (2013). “Real-World” Precision, bias, and Between-Laboratory Variation for Surface Area Measurement of a Titianium Dioxide Nanomaterial in Powder Form. J. Nanopart. Res., 15:1742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, W. M., Ed. (2013). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 94th ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Hiranuma, N., Brooks, S. D., Moffet, R. C., Glen, A., Laskin, A., Gilles, M. K., et al. (2013). Chemical Characterization of Individual Particles and Residuals of Clud Drolets and Ice Crystals Collected on Board Research Aircraft in the ISDAC 2008 Study. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118:6564–6579, doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, V., Boehm, H. P., and Gromes, W. (1961). Die Abmessungen der Kristalle der Tonminerale. Zeitschrift Fur Anorganische Und Allgemeine Chemie, 308:143–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoose, C., and Möhler, O. (2012). Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation on Atmospheric Aerosols: A Review of Results From Laboratory Experiments. Atmo. Chem. Phys., 12:9817–9854.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, P. K., Gibson, E. R., Young, M. A., Kleiber, P. D., and Grassian, V. H. (2008). Coupled Infrared Extinction and Size Distribution Measurements for Several Clay Components of Mineral Dust Aerosol. J. Geophys. Res., 113:D01201, doi:10.1029/2007JD008791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, A., and Kitagawa, R. (1994). Morphological Characteristics of Illitic Clay Minerals from a Hydrothermal System. Am. Mineral., 79:700–711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepson, W., and Rowse, J. (1975). The Composition of kaolinite – An Electron Microscope Microprobe Study. Clay Clay Mineral., 23:310–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B., Christopher, S., Haywood, J., Osborne, S., McFarlane, S., Hsu, C., et al. (2009). Measurements of Aerosol Properties from Aircraft, Satellite and Ground-Based Remote Sensing: A Case-Study from the Dust and Biomass-Burning Experiment (DABEX). Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 135:922–934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M., Meskhidze, N., and Kiliyanpilakkil, P. (2012). A Global Comparison of GEOS-Chem-Predicted and Remotely-Sensed Mineral Dust Aerosol Optical Depth and Extinction Profiles. J. Adv. Model. Earth Sys., 4:M07001, doi:10.1029/2011MS000109.
   Google Scholar
• Kahnert, F. M. (2004). Reproducing the Optical Properties of Fine Desert Dust Aerosols using Ensembles of Simple Model Particles. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 85:231–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok, J. F. (2011). A Scaling Theory for the Size Distribution of Emitted Dust Aerosols Suggests Climate Models Underestimate the Size of the Global Dust Cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 108(3):1016–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, B. J., Grassian, V. H., Iedema, M. J., Cowin, J. P., and Laskin, A. (2003). Probing Heterogeneous Chemistry of Individual Atmospheric Particles using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive x-Ray Analysis. Anal. Chem., 75:5170–5179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird, D. (2001). Nature of Clay-Humic Complexes in an Agricultural Soil: II. Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65:1419–1425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgreen, H., Garnaes, J., Hansen, P., Besenbacher, F., Laegsgaard, E., Stensgaard, I., et al. (1991). Ulatrafine Particles of North Sea Illite/Smectite Clay Minerals Investigated by STM and AFM. Am. Mineral., 76: 1218–1222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist, H., Jokinen, O., Kandler, K., Scheuvens, D., and Nousiainen, T. (2014). Single Scattering by Realistic, Inhomogeneous Mineral Dust Particles with Stereogrammetric Shapes. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14:143–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, T. (1985). Loess in China. China Ocean Press, Beijing.
   Google Scholar
• Madsen, F.T. (1977). Surface area measurements of clay minerals by glycerol sorption on a thermobalance. Thermochim. Acta, 21:89–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, R. T., Bailey, S. W., Eberl, D. D., Fanning, D. S., Guggenheim, S., Kodama, H., et al. (1991). Report of the Clay Minerals Society Nomenclature Committee: Revised Classification of Clay Materials. Clay Clay Mineral, 39(3):333–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNaughton, S., Clarke, A., Kapustin, V., Shinozuka, Y., Howell, S., Anderson, B., et al. (2009). Observations of Heterogeneous Reactions Between Asian Pollution and Mineral Dust Over Eastern North Pacific During INTEX-B. Chem. Phys., 2:8469–8539.
   Google Scholar
• Merikallio, S., Lindqvist, H., Nousiainen, T., and Kahner, M. (2011). Modelling Light Scattering by Mineral Dust using Spheroids: Assessment of Applicability. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11:5347–5363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz, V., Raanan, H., Pieper, H., Bosback, D., and Ganor, J. (2005). Toward the Establishment of a Reliable Proxy of the Reactive Surface Area of Smectite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69(10):2581–2591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, D. M., and Reynolds, R. C., Jr. (1997). X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Nadeau, P. H. (1985). The Physical Dimensions of Fundamental Clay Particles. Clay Mineral, 20:499–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadeau, P. H. (1987). Relationships Between the Mean Area, Volume and Thickness for Dispersed Particles of Kaolinites and Micaceous Clays and Their Application to Surface Area and Ion Exchange Properties. Clay Mineral, 22:351–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nousiainen, T., Kahnert, M., and Veihelmann, B. (2006). Light Scattering Modeling of Small Feldspar Aerosol Particles using Polyhedral Prisms and Spheroids. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 101:471–487, doi: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.02.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinti, V., Marcolli, C., Zobrist, B., Hoyle, C. R., and Peter, T. (2012). Ice Nucleation Efficiency of Clay Minerals in the Immersion Mode. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12:5859–5878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruett, R. J., and Webb, H. L. (1993). Sampling and Analysis of KGa-1b Well-Crystallized Kaolin Source Clay. Clay Clay Mineral, 41:514–519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, R. H. S., Brindley, G. W., and Mackenzie, R. C. (1954). Mineralogy of Kaolin Clays from Pugu. Tanganyika, Am. Mineral., 39:118–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, R. L., Washton, N. M., and Mueller, K. T. (2010). Measurement of the Reactive Surface Area of Clay Minerals using Solid-State NMR Studies of a Probe Molecule. J. Phys. Chem. C, 114:5491–5498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleicher, B., Jung, T., and Burtscher, H. (1993). Characterization of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles Adsorbed on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite by Scanning Tunneling and Atomic Force Microscopy. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 161:271–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuttlefield, J. D., Cox, D., and Grassian, V. H.(2007). An Investigation of Water Uptake on Clays Minerals using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 112:D21303 doi:10.1029/2007JD008973.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T., and Vollbrecht, A. (2002). Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies, Geological Society, Vol. 205. Special Publications, London, pp. 137–147.
   Google Scholar
• Steudel, A., Batenburg, L. F., Fischer, H. R., Weidler, P. G., and Emmerich, K. (2009). Alteration of Non-Swelling Clay Minerals and Magadiite by Acid Activation. Appl. Clay Sci., 44:95–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumolva, L., Park, J., and Park, K. (2012). Combination of Transmission Electron and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques to Determine Volume Equivalent Diameter of Submicrometer Particles. Microsc. Res. Techniq., 17:505–512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Olphen, H, and Fripiat, J.J. (1979). Data Handbook for Clay Materials and Other Nonmetallic Minerals. Pergamon, New York.
   Google Scholar
• van Poppel, L. H., Friedrich, H., Spinsby, J., Chung, S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., and Buseck, P. R. (2005). Electron Tomography of Nanoparticle Clusters: Implications for Atmospheric Lifetimes and Radiative Forcing of Soot. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32:L24811, doi:10.1029/2005GL024461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., Laskin, A., Roedel, T., Gilles, M. K., Moffet, R. C., Tivanski, A. V., et al. (2012). Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation and Water Uptake by Field-Collected Atmospheric Particles Below 273 K. J. Geophys. Res., 117:D00V19, doi: 10.1029/2012JD017446.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, T., Gong, S., Zhang, X., and McKendry, I. (2003). Modeled Size-Segregated Wet and Dry Deposition Budges of Soil Dust Aerosol During ACE-Asia 2001: Implications for Trans-Pacific Transport. Geophys. Res., 10:D23, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar