Physicochemical Characterization of Simulated Welding Fumes from a Spark Discharge System

REFERENCES

• ACGIH. (2001). Welding Fumes, not Otherwise Specified, 7th edn. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances, Vol. 3. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH, pp. 1726–1727.
   Google Scholar
• Antonini, J. (2003). Health Effects of Welding. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 33(1):61–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonini, J. M., Afshari, A. A., Stone, S., Chen, B., Schwegler-Berry, D., Fletcher, W. G., et al., (2006). Design, Construction, and Characterization of a Novel Robotic Welding Fume Generator and Inhalation Exposure System for Laboratory Animals. J. Occup. Envrion. Hyg., 3(4):194–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonini, J. M., Stone, S., Roberts, J. R., Chen, B., Schwegler-Berry, D., Afshari, A. A., et al. (2007). Effect of Short-Term Stainless Steel Welding Fume Inhalation Exposure on Lung Inflammation, Injury, and Defense Responses in Rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 223(3):234–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonini, J. M., Sriram, K., Benkovic, S. A., Roberts, J. R., Stone, S., Chen, B. T., et al. (2009). Mild Steel Welding Fume Causes Manganese Accumulation and Subtle Neuroinflammatory Changes but not Overt Neuronal Damage in Discrete Brain Regions of Rats After Short-term Inhalation Exposure. Neurotoxicology, 30(6):915–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonini, J. M., Roberts, J. R., Chapman, R. S., Soukup, J. M., Ghio, A. J., and Sriram, K. (2010). Pulmonary toxicity and extrapulmonary tissue distribution of metals after repeated exposure to different welding fumes. Inhal. Toxicol., 22(10):805–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkhyour, M. A., and Goknil, M. K. (2010). Total fume and metal concentrations during welding in selected factories in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health, 7(7), 2978–2987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barck, C., Lundahl, J., Halldén, G., and Bylin, G. (2005). Brief Exposures to NO2 Augment the Allergic Inflammation in Asthmatics. Environ. Res., 97(1):58–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, H., Epstein, S., and Peace, J. (2007). Particulate and Gaseous Emissions When Welding Aluminum Alloys. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 4(9):678–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin, R. B., McDonnell, W. F., Mann, R., Becker, S., House, D. E., Schreinemachers, D., et al. (1991). Exposure of Humans to Ambient Levels of Ozone for 6.6 Hours Causes Cellular and Biochemical Changes in the Lung. Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol., 4(1):72–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks, R., Lam, H. F., Al-Shamma, K. J., and Hewitt, P. J. (1984). Pneumoconiotic Effects of Welding-Fume Particles from Mild and Stainless Steel Deposited in the Lung of the Rat. Arch. Toxicol., 55(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobart. (2008). Material Safety Data Sheet #230 by Selectrode Industries, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Holz, O., Mucke, M., Paasch, K., Bohme, S., Timm, P., Richter, K., et al. (2002). Repeated Ozone Exposures Enhance Bronchial Allergen Responses in Subjects with Rhinitis or Asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 32(5):681–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, N. T., and Eagar, T. W. (2005). Chemical Analysis of Welding Fume Particles. Weld. J., 84(6):87s–93s.
   Google Scholar
• Jörres, R. A., Holz, O., Zachgo, W., Timm, P., Koschyk, S., Muller, B., et al. (2000). The Effect of Repeated Ozone Exposures on Inflammatory Markers in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Mucosal Biopsies. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care., 161(6):1855–1861.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kapp, N., Kreyling, W., Schulz, H., Im Hof, V., Gehr, P., Semmler, M., et al. (2004). Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy for Analysis of Inhaled Ultrafine Particles in Rat Lungs. Microsc. Res. Techiq., 63(5):298–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, C. S., Alexis, N. E., Rappold, A. G., Kehrl, H., Hazucha, M. J., Lay, J. C., et al. (2011b). Lung Function and Inflammatory Responses in Healthy Young Adults Exposed to 0.06 ppm Ozone for 6.6 Hours. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care., 183(9):1215–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. S., Adamčaková-Dodd, A., O’Shaughnessy, P. T., Grassian, V. H., and Thorne, P. S. (2011a). Effects of Copper Nanoparticle Exposure on Host Defense in a Murine Pulmonary Infection Model. Part. Fibre. Toxicol., 8(1), article 29, 14 p.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H. H., Wu, Y. C., and Chen, H. L. (2007). Production of Ozone and Reactive Oxygen Species After Welding. Arch. Environ. Con. Tox., 53(4):513–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer, R. R., Costa, D. L., and Crapo, J. D. (1995). Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Low Doses of Nitric Oxide or Nitrogen Dioxide on the Alveolar Septa of the Adult Rat Lung. Lab. Invest., 73(1):20–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messing, M. E., Svensson, C. R., Pagels, J., Meuller, B. O., Deppert, K., and Rissler, J. (2013) Gas-Borne Particles with Tunable and Highly Controlled Characteristics for Nanotoxicology Studies. Nanotoxicology, 7(6):1052–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meuller, B. O., Messing, M. E., Engberg, D. L., Jansson, A. M., Johansson, L. I., Norlén, S. M., et al. (2012). Review of Spark Discharge Generators for Production of Nanoparticle Aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 46(11):1256–1270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster, G., Ferin, J., Gelein, R., Soderholm, S. C., and Finkelstein, J. (1992). Role of the Alveolar Macrophage in Lung Injury: Studies with Ultrafine Particles. Environ. Health Persp., 97:193–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, J. H., Yang, M. J., Heo, J. D., Yang, Y. S., Park, H. J., Park, S. M., et al. (2012). Inflammatory Response in Rat Lungs with Recurrent Exposure to Welding Fumes a Tanscriptomic Approach. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 28(3):203–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oprya, M., Kiro, S., Worobiec, A., Horemans, B., Darchuk, L., Novakovic, V., et al. (2012). Size Distribution and Chemical Properties of Welding Fumes of Inhalable Particles. J. Aerosol Sci., 45:50–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathmanathan, S., Krishna, M. T., Blomberg, A., Helleday, R., Kelly, F. J., Sandström, T., et al. (2003). Repeated Daily Exposure to 2 ppm Nitrogen Dioxide Upregulates the Expression of IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and ICAM-1 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Healthy Human Airways. Occup. Environ. Med., 60(11):892–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, C., Ferron, G. A., Karg, E., Lentner, B., Schumann, G., Takenaka, S., et al. (2004). Generation of Ultrafine Particles by Spark Discharge. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38(3):228–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, C., Scheuch, G., and Stahlhofen, W. (1994). Clearance Measurements with Radioactively Labelled Ultrafine Particles. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 38(inhaled particles VII):101–106.
   Google Scholar
• Steel, J. (1968). Respiratory Hazards in Shipbuilding and Shiprepairing. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 11(2):115–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stephenson, D., Seshadri, G., and Veranth, J. M. (2003). Workplace Exposure to Submicron Particle Mass and Number Concentrations from Manual Arc Welding of Carbon Steel. AIHA J., 64(4):516–521.
   Google Scholar
• Takenaka, S., Karg, E., Kreyling, W. G., Lentner, B., Möller, W., Behnke-Semmler, M., et al. (2006). Distribution Pattern of Inhaled Ultrafine Gold Particles in the Rat Lung. Inhal. Toxicol., 18(10):733–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer, A. T. (2002). The Influence of Metallurgy on the Formation of Welding Aerosols. J. Environ. Monitor., 4(5):628–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer, A. T., Baron, P. A., and Biswas, P. (2002). The Influence of Operating Parameters on Number-Weighted Aerosol Size Distribution Generated from a Gas Metal Arc Welding Process. J. Aerosol Sci., 33(3):519–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar