Physico-Chemical Characterization and Oxidative Reactivity Evaluation of Aged Brake Wear Particles

REFERENCES

• Adachi, K., and Tainosho, Y. (2004). Characterization of Heavy Metal Particles Embedded in Tire Dust. Environ/ Int., 30:1009–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch, M. E., and Cary, R. A. (1996). Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Occupational Monitoring of Particulate Diesel Exhaust: Methodology and Exposure Issues. The Anal., 121:1183–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, R. D., Rajagopalan, S., Pope, C. A., III, Brook, J. R., Bhatnagar, A., Diez-Roux, A. V., et al. (2010). Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 121:2331–2378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Hopke, P. K., and Carter, W. P. (2011). Secondary Organic Aerosol from Ozonolysis of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds: Chamber Studies of Particle and Reactive Oxygen Species Formation. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45:276–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, K. J. A. (1999). The Broad Spectrum of Responses to Oxidants in Proliferating Cells: A New Paradigm for Oxidative Stress. IUBMB Life, 48:41–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, A. P., Shokouhian, M., and Ni, S. (2001). Loading Estimates of Lead, Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc in Urban Runoff from Specific Sources. Chemosphere, 44:997–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietl, C., Reifenhäuser, W., and Peichl, L. (1997). Association of Antimony with Traffic—Occurrence in Airborne Dust, Deposition and Accumulation in Standardized Grass Cultures. Sci. Total Environ., 205:235–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson, K., Tran, L., Jimenez, L. A., Duffin, R., Newby, D. E., Mills, N., et al. (2005). Combustion-Derived Nanoparticles: A Review of Their Toxicology Following Inhalation Exposure. Part. Fibre Toxicol., 2:10, DOI:10.1186/1743-8977-2-10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, M. P., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T. (1998). Gas-Phase and Particle-Phase Organic Compounds Emitted from Motor Vehicle Traffic in a Los Angeles Roadway Tunnel. Environ. Sci. Technol., 32:2051–2060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fröhlich, E., Bonstingl, G., Höfler, A., Meindl, C., Leitinger, G., Pieber, T. R., et al. (2013). Comparison of Two In Vitro Systems to Assess Cellular Effects of Nanoparticles-Containing Aerosols. Toxicol. Vitro., 27:409–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg, B. D., Cadle, S. H., Mulawa, P. A., Groblicki, P. J., Laroo, C., and Parr, G. A. (2000). Brake Wear Particulate Matter Emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34:4463–4469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasser, M., Riediker, M., Mueller, L., Perrenoud, A., Blank, F., Gehr, P., et al. (2009). Toxic Effects of Brake Wear Particles on Epithelial Lung Cells In Vitro. Part. Fibre Toxicol., 6:30, DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-6-30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjortenkrans, D. S. T., Bergbäck, B. G., and Häggerud, A. V. (2007). Metal Emissions from Brake Linings and Tires: Case Studies of Stockholm, Sweden 1995/1998 and 2005. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41:5224–5230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, B., Moebus, S., Mohlenkamp, S., Stang, A., Lehmann, N., Dragano, N., et al.. (2007). Residential Exposure to Traffic Is Associated with Coronary Atherosclerosis. Circulation, 116:489–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulskotte, J. H., van der Gon, H. A., Visschedijk, A. J., and Schaap, M. (2007). Brake Wear from Vehicles as an Important Source of Diffuse Copper Pollution. Water Sci. Technol. J. Int. Assoc. Water Pollut. Res., 56:223–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung, H.-F., and Wang, C.-S. (2001). Experimental Determination of Reactive Oxygen Species in Taipei Aerosols. J. Aerosol. Sci., 32:1201–1211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iijima, A., Sato, K., Yano, K., Tago, H., Kato, M., Kimura, H., et al. (2007). Particle Size and Composition Distribution Analysis of Automotive Brake Abrasion Dusts for the Evaluation of Antimony Sources of Airborne Particulate Matter. Atmos. Environ., 41:4908–4919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, H., and Kim, S. J. (2000). The Effects of Antimony Trisulfide (Sb2S3) and Zirconium Silicate (ZrSiO4) in the Automotive Brake Friction Material on Friction Characteristics. Wear, 239:229–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, C., Norman, M., and Burman, L. (2009). Road Traffic Emission Factors for Heavy Metals. Atmos. Environ., 43:4681–4688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao, M. C., and Wang, C. S. (2002). Reactive Oxygen Species in Incense Smoke. Aerosol Air Qual Res., 2:61–69.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Q., Wyatt, A., and Kamens, R. M. (2009). Oxidant Generation and Toxicity Enhancement of Aged-Diesel Exhaust. Atmos. Environ., 43:1037–1042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lighty, J. S., Veranth, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (2000). Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 50:1565–1618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomis, D., Grosse, Y., Lauby-Secretan, B., Ghissassi, F. E., Bouvard, V., Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., et al. (2013). The Carcinogenicity of Outdoor Air Pollution. The Lancet Oncol., 14:1262–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lough, G. C., Schauer, J. J., Park, J.-S., Shafer, M. M., DeMinter, J. T., and Weinstein, J. P. (2004). Emissions of Metals Associated with Motor Vehicle Roadways. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39:826–836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard, D., Coull, B. A., Gryparis, A., and Schwartz, J. (2007). Mortality Risk Associated with Short-Term Exposure to Traffic Particles and Sulfates. Environ. Health Perspect., 115:751–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosleh, M., Blau, P. J., and Dumitrescu, D. (2004). Characteristics and Morphology of Wear Particles from Laboratory Testing of Disk Brake Materials. Wear, 256:1128–1134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson, G. (1995). Facts About Friction. P&W Price Enterprises, Inc., Croydon, PA. USA.
   Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA). (2002). Metal and Metalloid Particulates in Workplace Atmospheres (Atomic Absorption), O. T. C. Division of Physical Measurements and Inorganic Analyses, ed., OSHA Analytical Method no. ID-121, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/inorganic/id121/id121.pdf
   Google Scholar
• OSHA. (2006). Asbestos-Automotive Brake and Clutch Repair Work, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., USA. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib072606.html
   Google Scholar
• Perrenoud, A., Gasser, M., Rothen-Rutishauser, B., Gehr, P., and Riediker, M. (2010). Characterisation of Nanoparticles Resulting from Different Braking Behaviours. Int. J. Biomed. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 1:17–33.
   Google Scholar
• Pope, C. A., Dockery, D. W., and Schwartz, J. (1995). Review of Epidemiological Evidence of Health Effects of Particulate Air Pollution. Inhal. Toxicol., 7:1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattanavaraha, W., Rosen, E., Zhang, H., Li, Q., Pantong, K., and Kamens, R. M. (2011). The Reactive Oxidant Potential of Different Types of Aged Atmospheric Particles: An Outdoor Chamber Study. Atmos. Environ., 45:3848–3855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riediker, M., Devlin, R. B., Griggs, T. R., Herbst, M. C., Bromberg, P. A., Williams, R. W., et al. (2004). Cardiovascular Effects in Patrol Officers Are Associated with Fine Particulate Matter from Brake Wear and Engine Emissions. Part. Fibre Toxicol., 1:2, DOI:10.1186/1743-8977-1-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riediker, M., Williams, R., Devlin, R., Griggs, T., and Bromberg, P. (2003). Exposure to Particulate Matter, Volatile Organic Compounds, and Other Air Pollutants Inside Patrol Cars. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37:2084–2093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffari, A., Daher, N., Shafer, M. M., Schauer, J. J., and Sioutas, C. (2014). Global Perspective on the Oxidative Potential of Airborne Particulate Matter: A Synthesis of Research Findings. Environ. Sci. Technol., 48:7576–7583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, P. G., Xu, N., Dalka, T. M., and Maricq, M. M. (2003). Airborne Brake Wear Debris: Size Distributions, Composition, and a Comparison of Dynamometer and Vehicle Tests. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37:4060–4069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauvain, J.-J., Rossi, M. J., and Riediker, M. (2012). Comparison of Three Acellular Tests for Assessing the Oxidation Potential of Nanomaterials. Aerosol. Sci. Technol., 47:218–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, H., Harder, V., Ibald-Mulli, A., Khandoga, A., Koenig, W., Krombach, F., et al. (2005). Cardiovascular Effects of Fine and Ultrafine Particles. J. Aerosol Med., 18:1–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz, J., Laden, F., and Zanobetti, A. (2002). The Concentration–Response Relation Between PM(2.5) and Daily Deaths. Environ. Health Perspect, 110:1025–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• See, S. W., Wang, Y. H., and Balasubramanian, R. (2007). Contrasting Reactive Oxygen Species and Transition Metal Concentrations in Combustion Aerosols. Environ. Res., 103:317–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternbeck, J., Sjödin, Å., and Andréasson, K. (2002). Metal Emissions from Road Traffic and the Influence of Resuspension—Results from Two Tunnel Studies. Atmos. Environ., 36:4735–4744.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takano, H., Yoshikawa, T., Ichinose, T., Miyabara, Y., Imaoka, K., and Sagai, M. (1997). Diesel Exhaust Particles Enhance Antigen-Induced Airway Inflammation and Local Cytokine Expression in Mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 156:36–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorpe, A., and Harrison, R. M. (2008). Sources and Properties of Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter from Road Traffic: A Review. Sci. Total Environ., 400:270–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatachari, P., and Hopke, P. K. (2008). Development and Laboratory Testing of an Automated Monitor for the Measurement of Atmospheric Particle-Bound Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Aerosol. Sci. Technol., 42:629–635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatachari, P., Hopke, P. K., Brune, W., Ren, X., Lesher, R., Mao, J., et al. (2007). Characterization of Wintertime Reactive Oxygen Species Concentrations in Flushing, New York. Aerosol. Sci. Technol., 41:97–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatachari, P., Hopke, P. K., Grover, B., and Eatough, D. (2005). Measurement of Particle-Bound Reactive Oxygen Species in Rubidoux Aerosols. J. Atmos. Chem., 50:49–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, V., Ning, Z., Cho, A. K., Schauer, J. J., Shafer, M. M., and Sioutas, C. (2009). Redox Activity of Urban Quasi-Ultrafine Particles from Primary and Secondary Sources. Atmos. Environ., 43:6360–6368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Hopke, P. K., Sun, L., Chalupa, D. C., and Utell, M. J. (2011). Laboratory and Field Testing of an Automated Atmospheric Particle-Bound Reactive Oxygen Species Sampling-Analysis System. J. Toxicol., 2011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wardman, P. (2007). Fluorescent and Luminescent Probes for Measurement of Oxidative and Nitrosative Species in Cells and Tissues: Progress, Pitfalls, and Prospects. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 43:995–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, M. R., Lightbody, J. H., Donaldson, K., Sales, J., and Stone, V. (2002). Interactions Between Ultrafine Particles and Transition Metals In Vivo and In Vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 184:172–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, G. G., Wang, M., Li, N., Loo, J. A., and Nel, A. E. (2003). Use of Proteomics to Demonstrate a Hierarchical Oxidative Stress Response to Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals in a Macrophage Cell Line. J. Biol. Chem., 278:50781–50790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., and Hopke, P. K. (2011). Concentration of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Mainstream and Sidestream Cigarette Smoke. Aerosol. Sci. Technol., 46:191–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., and Riediker, M. (2014). Detecting the Oxidative Reactivity of Nanoparticles: A New Protocol for Reducing Artifacts. J. Nanopart. Res. 16:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar