Assessing Optical Properties and Refractive Index of Combustion Aerosol Particles Through Combined Experimental and Modeling Studies

REFERENCES

• Ackerman, T. P., and Toon, O. B. (1981). Absorption of Visible Radiation in Atmosphere Containing Mixtures of Absorbing and Non-Absorbing Particles. Appl. Opt., 20:3661–3668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, G., Riziq, A. A., Erlick, C., and Rudich, Y. (2010). Effect of Intrinsic Organic Carbon on the Optical Properties of Fresh Diesel Soot. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107:6699–6704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, D. T. L., Crozier, P. A., and Anderson, J. R. (2008). Brown Carbon Spheres in East Asian Outflow and Their Optical Properties. Science, 321:833–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreae, M. O., and Crutzen, P. J. (1997). Atmospheric Aerosols: Biogeochemical Sources and Role in Atmospheric Chemistry. Science, 276:1052–1058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreae, M. O., and Gelencsér, A. (2006). Black Carbon or Brown Carbon? The Nature of Light-Absorbing Carbonaceous Aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6:3131–3148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergstrom, R. W., Pilewskie, P., Russell, P. B., Redemann, J., Bond, T. C., Quinn, P. K., and Sierau, B. (2007). Spectral Absorption Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7:5937–5943.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergstrom, R. W., Russell, P. B., and Hignett, P. (2002). Wavelength Dependence of the Absorption of Black Carbon Particles: Predictions and Results from the Tarfox Experiment and Implications for the Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo. J. Atmos. Sci., 59:567–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, M. V., and Percival, I. C. (1986). Optics of Fractal Clusters such as Smoke. Opt. Acta, 33:577–591.
   Google Scholar
• Birch, M. E., and Cary, R. A. (1996). Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 25:221–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohren, C. F., and Huffman, D. R. (1983). Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. Wiley, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, T. C. (2001). Spectral Dependence of Visible Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles Emitted from Coal Combustion. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28:4075–4078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, T. C., and Bergstrom, R. W. (2006). Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40:27–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., et al. (2013). Bounding the Role of Black Carbon in the Climate System: A Scientific Assessment. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118:5380–5552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruggeman, D. A. G. (1935). Berechnung Verschiedener Physikalischer Konstanten von Heterogenen Substanzen. I. Dielektrizitätskonstanten und Leitfähigkeiten Der Mischkörper Aus Isotropen Substanzen. Annalen der Physik, 416:665–679.
   Google Scholar
• Cavalli, F., Viana, M., Yttri, K. E., Genberg, J., and Putaud, J. P. (2010). Toward a Standardised Thermal-Optical Protocol for Measuring Atmospheric Organic and Elemental Carbon: The Eusaar Protocol. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 3:79–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarty, R. K., Garro, M. A., Garro, B. A., Chancellor, S., Moosmüller, H., and Herald, C. M. (2011). Simulation of Aggregates with Point-Contacting Monomers in the Cluster–Dilute Regime. Part 1: Determining the Most Reliable Technique for Obtaining Three-Dimensional Fractal Dimension from Two-Dimensional Images. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45:75–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarty, R. K., Moosmüller, H., Arnott, W. P., Garro, M. A., Slowik, J. G., Cross, E. S., et al. (2007). Light Scattering and Absorption by Fractal-Like Carbonaceous Chain Aggregates: Comparison of Theories and Experiment. Appl. Opt., 46:6990–7006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarty, R. K., Moosmüller, H., Chen, L. W. A., Lewis, K., Arnott, W. P., Mazzoleni, C., et al. (2010). Brown Carbon in Tar Balls from Smoldering Biomass Combustion. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10:6363–6370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., and Bond, T. C. (2010). Light Absorption by Organic Carbon from Wood Combustion. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10:1773–1787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, A., McNaughton, C., Kapustin, V., Shinozuka, Y., Howell, S., Dibb, J., et al. (2007). Biomass Burning and Pollution Aerosol over North America: Organic Components and Their Influence on Spectral Optical Properties and Humidification Response. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112:D12S18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbins, R. A., Mulholland, G. W., and Bryner, N. P. (1994). Comparison of a Fractal Smoke Optics Model with Light Extinction Measurements. Atmos. Environ., 28:889–897.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farias, T. L., Köylü, Ü. Ö., and Carvalho, M. G. (1996a). Range of Validity of the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans Theory for Optics of Fractal Aggregates. Appl. Opt., 35:6560–6567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farias, T. L., Köylü, Ü. Ö., and Carvalho, M. G. (1996b). Effect of Polydispersity of Aggregates and Primary Particles on Radiative Properties of Simulated Soot. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 55:357–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., et al. (2007). Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, in Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, K. A. (1995). Scattering and Absorption Cross-Sections of Compounded Spheres. 2. Calculations for External Aggregation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 12:881–892.
   Google Scholar
• Garnett, J. C. M. (1904). Colours in Metal Glasses and in Metallic Films. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser., A 203:385–420.
   Google Scholar
• Graber, E. R., and Rudich, Y. (2006). Atmospheric HULIS: How Humic-Like Are They? A Comprehensive and Critical Review. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6:729–753.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, B. S., and Wagner, H. G. (1981). Soot Formation. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 7:229–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffer, A., Gelencser, A., Guyon, P., Kiss, G., Schmid, O., Frank, G. P., et al. (2006). Optical Properties of Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) in Biomass-Burning Aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6:3563–3570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, M. Z. (1999). Isolating Nitrated and Aromatic Aerosols and Nitrated Aromatic Gases as Sources of Ultraviolet Light Absorption. J. Geophys. Res., 104:3527–3542.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchstetter, T. W., Novakov, T., and Hobbs, P. V. (2004). Evidence that the Spectral Dependence of Light Absorption by Aerosols is Affected by Organic Carbon. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109:D21208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köylü, Ü. Ö., and Faeth, G. M. (1994). Optical-Properties of Overfire Soot in Buoyant Turbulent-Diffusion Flames at Long Residence Times. J. Heat Trans.-T. ASME, 116:152–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, K., Arnott, W. P., Moosmüller, H., and Wold, C. E. (2008). Strong Spectral Variation of Biomass Smoke Light Absorption and Single Scattering Albedo Observed with a Novel Dual-Wavelength Photoacoustic Instrument. J. Geophys. Res., 113:D16203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limbeck, A., Kulmala, M., and Puxbaum, H. (2003). Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation in the Atmosphere via Heterogeneous Reaction of Gaseous Isoprene on Acidic Particles. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(19), 1996, doi:10.1029/2003GL017738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massoli, P., Murphy, D. M., Lack, D. A., Baynard, T., Brock, C. A., and Lovejoy, E. R. (2009). Uncertainty in Light Scattering Measurements by TSI Nephelometer: Results from Laboratory Studies and Implications for Ambient Measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 43:1064–1074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, R. H., Ziemba, L. D., Dutcher, D., Beyersdorf, A. J., Chan, K., Crumeyrolle, S., et al. (2014). Mapping the Operation of the Miniature Combustion Aerosol Standard (Mini-CAST) Soot Generator. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 48:467–479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosmüller, H., and Arnott, W. P. (2009). Particle Optics in the Rayleigh Regime. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 59:1028–1031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosmüller, H., Chakrabarty, R. K., and Arnott, W. P. (2009). Aerosol Light Absorption and Its Measurement: A Review. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 110:844–878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz, R. H., and Charalampopoulos, T. T. (1998). Evolution of Compositional and Structural Properties of Soot in Premixed Alkane Flames. Symp. Int. Combust. Proc., 27:1471–1479.
   Google Scholar
• NIOSH. (2003). Method 5040 Issue 3: Elemental Carbon (Diesel Exhaust). in NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, Fourth Edition, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, E. M., and McMahon, C. K. (1984). Absorption Characteristics of Forest Fire Particulate Matter. Atmos. Environ., 18:2541–2551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., et al. (2013). Recommendations for Reporting “Black Carbon” Measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13:8365–8379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pöschl, U. (2003). Aerosol Particle Analysis: Challenges and Progress. Anal. Bioanal.Chem., 375:30–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, V., and Carmichael, G. (2008). Global and Regional Climate Changes Due to Black Carbon. Nat. Geosci., 1:221–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasband, W. S. (1997). ImageJ, U.S. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, Available at http://imageJ.nih.gov/ij/, 1997–2012.
   Google Scholar
• Sato, M., Hansen, J., Koch, D., Lacis, A., Ruedy, R., Dubovik, O., et al. (2003). Global Atmospheric Black Carbon Inferred from Aeronet. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100:6319–6324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnaiter, M., Gimmler, M., Llamas, I., Linke, C., Jaeger, C., and Mutschke, H. (2006). Strong Spectral Dependence of Light Absorption by Organic Carbon Particles Formed by Propane Combustion. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6:2981–2990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnaiter, M., Horvath, H., Mohler, O., Naumann, K. H., Saathoff, H., and Schock, O. W. (2003). UV-VIS-NIR Spectral Optical Properties of Soot and Soot-Containing Aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci., 34:1421–1444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slowik, J. G., Stainken, K., Davidovits, P., Williams, L. R., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, C. E., et al. (2004). Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 2: Application to Combustion-Generated Soot Aerosols as a Function of Fuel Equivalence Ratio. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38:1206–1222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen, C. M. (2001). Light Scattering by Fractal Aggregates: A Review. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35:648–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen, C. M. (2011). The Mobility of Fractal Aggregates: A Review. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45:765–779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turpin, B. J., and Lim, H. J. (2001). Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35:602–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virkkula, A. (2010). Correction of the Calibration of the 3-Wavelength Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (3λ PSAP). Aerosol Sci. Technol., 44:706–712.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virkkula, A., Ahlquist, N. C., Covert, D. S., Arnott, W. P., Sheridan, P. J., Quinn, P. K., et al. (2005). Modification, Calibration and a Field Test of an Instrument for Measuring Light Absorption by Particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39:68–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentzel, M., Gorzawski, H., Naumann, K. H., Saathoff, H., and Weinbruch, S. (2003). Transmission Electron Microscopical and Aerosol Dynamical Characterization of Soot Aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci., 34:1347–1370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wonaschütz, A., Hitzenberger, R., Bauer, H., Pouresmaeil, P., Klatzer, B., Caseiro, A., et al. (2009). Application of the Integrating Sphere Method to Separate the Contributions of “Brown” and Black Carbon in Atmospheric Aerosols. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43:1141–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar