1,963
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

Flame-Formed Carbon Nanoparticles: Morphology, Interaction Forces, and Hamaker Constant from AFM

, , &
Pages 281-289 | Received 14 Nov 2014, Accepted 11 Feb 2015, Published online: 03 Apr 2015

REFERENCES

  • Abid, A. D., Heinz, N., Tolmachoff, E. D., Phares, D. J., Campbell, C. S., and Wang, H. (2008). Combust. Flame, 154(4):775–788.
  • Barone, A. C., D’Alessio, A., and D’Anna, A. (2003). Morphological Characterization of the Early Process of Soot Formation by Atomic Force Microscopy. Combust. Flame, 132(1–2):181–187.
  • Bergstrom, L. (1997). Hamaker Constants of Inorganic Materials. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 70:125–169.
  • Binnig, G., Quate, C. E., and Gerber, C. (1986). Atomic Force Microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett., 56:930–933.
  • Bockhorn, H. (1994). Soot Formation in Combustion: Mechanisms and Models. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
  • Burnham, N. A., Dominguez, D. D., Mowery, R. L., and Colton, R. J. (1990). Probing the Surface Forces of Monolayer Films with an Atomic-Force Microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett., 64(16):1931–1934.
  • Butt, H. J., Cappella, B., and Kappl, M. (2005). Force Measurements with the Atomic Force Microscope: Technique, Interpretation and Applications. Surf. Sci. Rep., 59:1–152.
  • Cappella, B., and Dietler, G. (1999). Force–Distance Curves by Atomic Force Microscopy. Surf. Sci. Rep., 34:1–104.
  • Commodo, M., Sgro, L. A., Minutolo, P., and D’Anna, A. (2013). Characterization of Combustion-Generated Carbonaceous Nanoparticles by Size-Dependent Ultraviolet Laser Photoionization. J. Phys. Chem. A, 117:3980–3989.
  • Commodo, M., Tessitore, G., De Falco, G., Bruno, A., Minutolo, P., and D’Anna, A. (2015). Further Details on Particle Inception and Growth in Premixed Flames. Proc. Combust. Inst., 35:1795–1802.
  • D’Alessio, A., Barone, A. C., Cau, R., D’Anna, A., and Minutolo, P. (2005). Surface Deposition and Coagulation Efficiency of Combustion Generated Nanoparticles in the Size Range from 1 to 10 nm. Proc. Combust. Inst., 30:2595–2603.
  • D’Anna, A. (2009). Combustion-Formed Nanoparticles. Proc. Combust. Inst., 32:593–613.
  • Dobbins, R. A. (2007). Hydrocarbon Nanoparticles Formed in Flames and Diesel Engines. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41(5):485–496.
  • Ducker, W. A., Senden, T. J., and Pashley, R. M. (1992). Measurement of Forces in Liquids Using a Force Microscopy. Langmuir, 8:1831–1836.
  • Echavarria, C. A., Sarofim, A. F., Lighty, J. S., and D’Anna, A. (2009). Evolution of Soot Size Distribution in Premixed Ethylene/Air and Ethylene/Benzene/Air Flames: Experimental and Modeling Study. Proc. Combust. Inst., 32:705–711.
  • Eichenlaub, S., Chan, C., and Beaudoin, S. P. (2002). Hamaker Constants in Integrated Circuit Metallization. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 248:389–397.
  • Gady, B., Schleef, D., Reifenberger, R., Rimai, D., and DeMejo, L. P. (1996). Identification of Electrostatic and van der Waals Interaction Forces Between a Micrometer-Size Sphere and a Flat Substrate. Phys. Rev. B., 53(12):8065–8070.
  • Hamaker, H. C. (1937). The London–van der Waals Attraction Between Spherical Particles. Physica, 4(10):1058–1072.
  • Hashemi, N., Paul, M. R., Dankowicz, H., Lee, M., and Jhe, W. (2008). The Dissipated Power in Atomic Force Microscopy Due to Interactions with a Capillary Fluid Layer. J. Appl. Phys., 104:063518, 5 pp.
  • Howard, J. B. (1990). Carbon Addition and Oxidation Reactions in Heterogeneous Combustion and Soot Formation. Proc. Combust. Inst., 23:1107–1127.
  • Israelachvili, J. N. (2011). Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 3rd ed. Academic Press, London.
  • Jander, H., and Wagner, H. Gg. (Eds.). (1990). Soot Formation in Combustion: An International Round Table Discussion. Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Gottingen.
  • Koch, W., and Friedlander, S. (1990). The Effect of Particle Coalescence on the Surface Area of a Coagulating Aerosol. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 140(2):419–427.
  • Lee, S. I., Howell, S. W., Raman, A., and Reifenberger, R. (2002). Nonlinear Dynamics of Microcantilevers in Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy: A Comparison Between Theory and Experiment. Phys. Rev. B, 66:115409, 10 pp.
  • Lomboy, G., Sundararajan, S., Wang, K., and Subramaniam, S. (2001). A Test Method for Determining Adhesion Forces and Hamaker Constants of Cementitious Materials Using Atomic Force Microscopy. Cem. Concr. Res., 41:1157–1166.
  • Maricq, M. M. (2004). Size and Charge of Soot Particles in Rich Premixed Ethylene Flames. Combust. Flame, 137:340–350.
  • Maricq, M. M. (2005). The Dynamics of Electrically Charged Soot Particles in a Premixed Ethylene Flame. Combust. Flame, 141:406–416.
  • Minutolo, P., Commodo, M., Santamaria, A., De Falco, G., and D’Anna, A. (2014). Characterization of Flame-Generated 2-D Carbon Nano-Disks. Carbon, 68:138–148.
  • Minutolo, P., Gambi, G., D’Alessio, A., and Carlucci, S. (1999). Spectroscopic Characterization of Carbonaceous Nanoparticles in Premixed Flames. Atmos. Environ., 33:2725–2732.
  • Narsimhan, G., and Ruckenstein, E. (1985). The Brownian Coagulation of Aerosols over the Entire Range of Knudsen Numbers: Connection Between the Sticking Probability and the Interaction Forces. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 104(2):344–369.
  • Richter, H., Granata, S., Green, W. H., and Howard, J. B. (2005). Detailed Modeling of PAH and Soot Formation in a Laminar Premixed Benzene/Oxygen/Argon Low-Pressure Flame. Proc. Combust. Inst., 30:1397–1405.
  • Sader, J. E., Chon, J. W. M., and Mulvaney, P. (1999) Calibration of Rectangular Atomic Force Microscope Cantilevers. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 70:3967–3969.
  • Senden, T. J. (2001). Force Microscopy and Surface Interactions. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., 6:95–101.
  • Sirignano, M., and D’Anna, A. (2013). Coagulation of Combustion Generated Nanoparticles in Low and Intermediate Temperature Regimes: An Experimental Study. Proc. Combust. Inst., 34:1877–1884.
  • Sgro, L. A., Basile, G., Barone, A. C., D’Anna, A., Minutolo, P., Borghese, A., and D’Alessio, A. (2003). Detection of Combustion Formed Nanoparticles. Chemosphere, 51:1079–1090.
  • Sgro, L. A., D’Anna, A., and Minutolo, P. (2011). Charge Fraction Distribution of Nucleation Mode Particles: New Insight on the Particle Formation Mechanism. Combust. Flame, 158(7):1418–1425.
  • Touhami, A., Nysten, B., and Dufre, Y. F. (2003). Nanoscale Mapping of the Elasticity of Microbial Cells by Atomic Force Microscopy. Langmuir, 19:4539–4543.
  • Vander Wal, R. L., and Tomasek, A. J. (2004). Soot Nanostructure: Dependence upon Synthesis Conditions. Combust. Flame 136(1–2):129–140.
  • Wang, H. (2011). Formation of Nascent Soot and other Condensed-Phase Materials in Flames. Proc. Combust. Inst., 33:41–67.
  • Wang, H. C., and Kasper, G. (1991). Filtration Efficiency of Nanometer-Size Aerosol Particles. J. Aerosol Sci., 22:31–41.
  • Weisenhorn, A., Maivald, P., Butt, H. J., and Hansma, P. (1992) Measuring Adhesion, Attraction, and Repulsion Between Surfaces in Liquids with an Atomic-Force Microscope. Phys. Rev. B, 45(19):11226–11232.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.