Pyrolysis Smoke Generated Under Low-Gravity Conditions

REFERENCES

• Abbott, A., and Berger, G. B. (2013). National Center for Space Exploration Research. Personal communication, Cleveland, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Buch, R., Austin, P. J., and Kashiwagi, T. (1998). Gasification of Silicone Fluids Under External Thermal Radiation. Part 2. Gasification Products—Characterization and Quantitation. Fire Mater., 22:239–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caminoa, G., Lomakin, S. M., and Lazzaria, M. (2001). Polydimethylsiloxane Thermal Degradation Part 1. Kinetic Aspects. Polymer, 42:2395–2402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• China, S., Mazzoleni, C., Gorkowski, K., Aiken, A., and Dubey, M. (2013). Morphology and Mixing State of Individual Freshly Emitted Wildfire Carbonaceous Particles. Nat. Commun., 4:2122, DOI:10.1038/ncomms3122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Encyclopedia of Polymer Sci. (1969). Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology—Plastics, Resins, Rubber, Fibers. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 11:541.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R. A., Mulholland, G. W., Winchester, M. R., King, R. L., and Klinedinst, D. B. (2009). Calibration of a Condensation Particle Counter Using a NIST Traceable Method. Aerosol. Sci. Technol., 43:425–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatori, H., Yamada, Y., Shiraishi, M., Yoshihara, M., and Kimura, T. (1996). The Mechanism of Polyimide Pyrolysis in the Early Stage. Carbon, 34:201–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds, W. C. (1999). Aerosol Technology, 2nd ed., Wiley Interscience, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Ingham, J. D., and RAPP, N. S. (1964). Polymer Degradation. II. Mechanism of Thermal Degradation of Polyoxypropylene Glycol-Toluene 2,P-Diisocyanate Polymer (POPG-TDI) and a Block Polyether Glycol-TDI Polymer. J. Polym. Sci., Part A, 2: 4941–4964.
   Google Scholar
• Kumagai, S., and Yoshimura, N. (2001). Tracking and Erosion of HTV Silicone Rubber and Suppression Mechanism of ATH. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 8:203–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, M., Mulholland, G. W., Bryg, V., Urban, D. L., Yuan, Z., Ruff, G. A., Cleary, T., and Yang, J. (2015). Smoke Characterization and Feasibility of the Moment Method for Spacecraft Fire Detection. Aerosol Sci. Tech., 49(5):299–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochida, M., and Kawamura, K. (2004). Hygroscopic Properties of Levoglucosan and Related Organic Compounds Characteristic to Biomass Burning Aerosol Particles. J. Geophys. Res., 109:D21202, doi:10.1029/2004JD004962.
   Google Scholar
• Mulholland, G. W., and Ohlemiller, T. J. (1982). Aerosol Characterization of a Smoldering Source. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 1:59–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulholland, G. W. (1995). Smoke Production and Properties, Chap. 2–15, In: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2nd ed. P. J. DiNenno, C. L. Beyler, R. L. P. Custer, W. D. Walton, J. M. Watts, D. Drysdale, and J. R. Hall, eds., Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Boston, MA, pp. 2–217–2-227.
   Google Scholar
• Ohlemiller, T. J., Kashiwagi, T., and Werner, K. (1985). Products of Wood Gasification. National Bureau of Standards Interagency Report 85-3127. National Bureau of Standards, National Engineering Laboratory, Center for Fire Research, Gaithersburg, MA, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Schauer, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T. (2001). Measurement of Emissions from Pollution Sources. 3. C1–C29 Organic Compounds from Fireplace Combustion of Wood. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35:1716–1728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheirs, J., Camino, G., and Tumiatti, W. (2001). Overview of Water Evolution during the thermal Degradation of Cellulose. Eur. Polym. J., 37:933–942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwenker, R. F., and Pacsu, E. (1956). Pyrolytic Degradation Products of Cellulose. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2:83–88.
   Google Scholar
• Seidel W. C., Scherer, K. V. Jr., Dwain Cline, D. Jr., Olson, A. H., and Bonesteel, J. K. (1991). Chemical, Physical, and Toxicological Characterization of Fumes Produced by Heating Tetrafluoroethene Homopolymer and Its Copolymers with Hexafluoropropene and Perfluoro(propy1 vinyl ether). Chem. Res. Toxicol., 4:229–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. (1992). Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry—Plastics, Properties and Testing of Polyvinyl Compounds, eds., B. Elvers, S. Hawkins, and G. Schultz, 5th ed., A21:690.
   Google Scholar
• Urban, D. L., Griffin D., Ruff, G. A., Cleary, T., Yang, J., Mulholland, G., and Yuan, Z. G. (2005). Detection of Smoke from Microgravity Fires. 2005 International Conference on Environmental Systems. Rome Italy, Paper # 2005-01-2930 July 2005, SAE Transactions, pp. 375–384.
   Google Scholar
• Urban, D. L., Ruff, G. A., Mulholland, G. W., Cleary, T. G., Yang, J. C., and Yuan, Z. G. (2008) Measurement of Smoke Particle Size under Low-Gravity Conditions. 2008 International Conference on Environmental Systems, Chicago, IL, Paper 2008-01-2089.
   Google Scholar
• Urban, D. L., Griffin, D. W., and Gard, M. Y. (1997) Proceedings of the USML-2 and USMP-3 Joint Launch plus 1 Year Conference, National Academy of Science, Washington, DC, February.
   Google Scholar
• Woolley, W. D. (1972) Nitrogen-Containing Products from the Thermal Decomposition of Flexible Polyurethane Foams. Br. Polym. J., 4:27–43.
   Google Scholar