2,363
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Organic Emissions from a Wood Stove and a Pellet Stove Before and After Simulated Atmospheric Aging

, , , , &
Pages 1037-1050 | Received 10 Feb 2015, Accepted 11 May 2015, Published online: 09 Oct 2015

REFERENCES

  • Adachi, K., Chung, S. H., and Buseck, P. R. (2010). Shapes of Soot Aerosol Particles and Implications for Their Effects on Climate. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 115, doi:10.1029/2009JD012868.
  • Aiken, A., Salcedo, D., Cubison, M. J., Huffman, J., DeCarlo, P., Ulbrich, I. M., Docherty, K. S., Sueper, D., Kimmel, J., Worsnop, D. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Stone, E., Schauer, J. V. R., Fortner, E., de Foy, B., Wang, J., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Gaffney, J., Marley, N. A., Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W., Molina, L., Sosa, G., and Jimenez, J. (2009). Mexico City Aerosol Analysis during MILAGRO Using High Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry at the Urban Supersite (T0)–Part 1: Fine Particle Composition and Organic Source Apportionment. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9:6633–6653, doi:10.5194/acp-9-6633-2009.
  • Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., and Jimenez, J. L. (2007). Elemental Analysis of Organic Species with Electron Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 79:8350–8358, doi:10.1021/ac071150w.
  • Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J. R., and Sueper, D. (2008). O/C and OM/OC Ratios of Primary, Secondary, and Ambient Organic Aerosols with High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42:4478–4485, doi:10.1021/es703009q.
  • Alfarra, M. R., Coe, H., Allan, J. D., Bower, K. N., Boudries, H., Canagaratna, M. R., Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., Garforth, A. A., and Li, S.-M. (2004). Characterization of Urban and Rural Organic Particulate in the Lower Fraser Valley Using Two Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometers. Atmos. Environ., 38:5745–5758, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.054.
  • Allan, J. D., Delia, A. E., Coe, H., Bower, K. N., Alfarra, M. R., Jimenez, J. L., Middlebrook, A. M., Drewnick, F., Onasch, T. B., and Canagaratna, M. R. (2004). A Generalised Method for the Extraction of Chemically Resolved Mass Spectra from Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Data. J. Aerosol Sci., 35:909–922, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.02.007.
  • Bahreini, R., Keywood, M., Ng, N., Varutbangkul, V., Gao, S., Flagan, R., Seinfeld, J., Worsnop, D., and Jimenez, J. (2005). Measurements of Secondary Organic Aerosol from Oxidation of Cycloalkenes, Terpenes, and m-Xylene Using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39:5674–5688, doi:10.1021/es048061a.
  • Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S. (2013). Bounding the Role of Black Carbon in the Climate System: A Scientific Assessment. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118:5380–5552, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50171.
  • Brockmann, J. (2011). Aerosol Transport in Sampling Lines and Inlets, in Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, 3rd ed., P. Kulkarni, P. A. Baron, and K. Willeke, eds., John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp. 69–105.
  • Bruns, E. A., El Haddad, I., Keller, A., Klein, F., Kumar, N. K., Pieber, S. M., Corbin, J. C., Slowik, J. G., Brune, W. H., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H. (2014). Inter-Comparison of Laboratory Smog Chamber and Flow Reactor Systems on Organic Aerosol Yield and Composition. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 8:309–352, doi:10.5194/amtd-8-309-2015.
  • Canagaratna, M., Jimenez, J., Kroll, J., Chen, Q., Kessler, S., Massoli, P., Hildebrandt Ruiz, L., Fortner, E., Williams, L., Wilson, K., Surratt, J., Donahue, N., Jayne, J., and Worsnop, D. R. (2015). Elemental Ratio Measurements of Organic Compounds Using Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: Characterization, Improved Calibration, and Implications. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15:253–272, doi:10.5194/acp-15-253-2015.
  • Chen, Q., Liu, Y., Donahue, N. M., Shilling, J. E., and Martin, S. T. (2011). Particle-Phase Chemistry of Secondary Organic Material: Modeled Compared to Measured O:C and H:C Elemental Ratios Provide Constraints. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45:4763–4770, doi:10.1021/es104398s.
  • China, S., Mazzoleni, C., Gorkowski, K., Aiken, A. C., and Dubey, M. K. (2013). Morphology and Mixing State of Individual Freshly Emitted Wildfire Carbonaceous Particles. Nat. Comm., 4, doi:10.1038/ncomms3122.
  • Crosier, J., Allan, J., Coe, H., Bower, K., Formenti, P., and Williams, P. (2007). Chemical Composition of Summertime Aerosol in the Po Valley (Italy), Northern Adriatic and Black Sea. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133:61–75, doi:10.1002/qj.88.
  • DeCarlo, P., Slowik, J., Worsnop, D., Davidovits, P., and Jimenez, J. (2004). Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 1: Theory. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38:1185–1205, doi:10.1080/027868290903907.
  • DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., and Docherty, K. S. (2006). Field-Deployable, High-Resolution, Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. Anal. Chem., 78:8281–8289, doi:10.1021/ac061249n.
  • Dinar, E., Taraniuk, I., Graber, E., Anttila, T., Mentel, T. F., and Rudich, Y. (2007). Hygroscopic Growth of Atmospheric and Model Humic-Like Substances. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, doi:10.1029/2006JD007442.
  • Donahue, N., Chuang, W., Epstein, S., Kroll, J., Worsnop, D., Robinson, A., Adams, P., and Pandis, S. (2013). Why Do Organic Aerosols Exist? Understanding Aerosol Lifetimes Using the Two-Dimensional Volatility Basis Set. Environ. Chem., 10:151–157, doi:10.1071/EN13022.
  • Donahue, N., Kroll, J., Pandis, S., and Robinson, A. (2012). A Two-Dimensional Volatility Basis Set–Part 2: Diagnostics of Organic-Aerosol Evolution. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12:615–634, doi:10.5194/acp-12-615-2012.
  • Ehn, M., Thornton, J. A., Kleist, E., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H., Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., Lee, B., et al. (2014). A Large Source of Low-Volatility Secondary Organic Aerosol. Nature, 506:476–479, doi:10.1038/nature13032.
  • Elsasser, M., Busch, C., Orasche, J., Schön, C., Hartmann, H., Schnelle-Kreis, J., and Zimmermann, R. (2013). Dynamic Changes of the Aerosol Composition and Concentration during Different Burning Phases of Wood Combustion. Energy Fuels, 27:4959–4968, doi:10.1021/ef400684f.
  • Eriksson, A., Nordin, E., Nyström, R., Pettersson, E., Swietlicki, E., Bergvall, C., Westerholm, R., Boman, C., and Pagels, J. H. (2014). Particulate PAH Emissions from Residential Biomass Combustion: Time-Resolved Analysis with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol., 48(12):7143–7150, doi:10.1021/es500486j.
  • Fine, P. M., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. (2001). Chemical Characterization of Fine Particle Emissions from Fireplace Combustion of Woods Grown in the Northeastern United States. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35:2665–2675, doi:10.1021/es001466k.
  • Fountoukis, C., Butler, T., Lawrence, M., Denier van der Gon, H., Visschedijk, A., Charalampidis, P., Pilinis, C., and Pandis, S. (2014). Impacts of Controlling Biomass Burning Emissions on Wintertime Carbonaceous Aerosol in Europe. Atmos. Environ., 87:175–182, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.016.
  • Friedlander, S. (2000). Smoke, Dust, and Haze: Fundamentals of Aerosol Dynamics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  • Ghazi, R., and Olfert, J. (2013). Coating Mass Dependence of Soot Aggregate Restructuring Due to Coatings of Oleic Acid and Dioctyl Sebacate. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 47:192–200, doi:10.1080/02786826.2012.741273.
  • Graham, B., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Guyon, P., Roberts, G. C., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Artaxo, P., Maenhaut, W., Köll, P., and Andreae, M. O. (2002). Water-Soluble Organic Compounds in Biomass Burning Aerosols Over Amazonia 1. Characterization by NMR and GC-MS. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107:LBA–14, doi:10.1029/2001JD000336.
  • Grieshop, A., Donahue, N., and Robinson, A. (2009a). Laboratory Investigation of Photochemical Oxidation of Organic Aerosol from Wood Fires 2: Analysis of Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Data. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9:2227–2240, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2227-2009.
  • Grieshop, A., Logue, J., Donahue, N., and Robinson, A. (2009b). Laboratory Investigation of Photochemical Oxidation of Organic Aerosol from Wood Fires 1: Measurement and Simulation of Organic Aerosol Evolution. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9:1263–1277, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1263-2009.
  • Gwaze, P., Schmid, O., Annegarn, H. J., Andreae, M. O., Huth, J., and Helas, G. (2006). Comparison of Three Methods of Fractal Analysis Applied to Soot Aggregates from Wood Combustion. J. Aerosol Sci., 37:820–838, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.06.007.
  • Hallquist, M., Wenger, J., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N., George, C., and Goldstein, A. (2009). The Formation, Properties and Impact of Secondary Organic Aerosol: Current and Emerging Issues. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9:5155–5236, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009.
  • Heald, C., Kroll, J., Jimenez, J., Docherty, K., DeCarlo, P., Aiken, A., Chen, Q., Martin, S., Farmer, D., and Artaxo, P. (2010). A Simplified Description of the Evolution of Organic Aerosol Composition in the Atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, doi:10.1029/2010GL042737.
  • Hennigan, C., Miracolo, M., Engelhart, G., May, A., Presto, A., Lee, T., Sullivan, A., McMeeking, G., Coe, H., and Wold, C. (2011). Chemical and Physical Transformations of Organic Aerosol from the Photo-Oxidation of Open Biomass Burning Emissions in an Environmental Chamber. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11:7669–7686, doi:10.5194/acpd-11-11995-2011.
  • Heringa, M., DeCarlo, P., Chirico, R., Lauber, A., Doberer, A., Good, J., Nussbaumer, T., Keller, A., Burtscher, H., and Richard, A. (2012). Time-Resolved Characterization of Primary Emissions from Residential Wood Combustion Appliances. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46:11418–11425, doi:10.1021/es301654w.
  • Heringa, M., DeCarlo, P., Chirico, R., Tritscher, T., Dommen, J., Weingartner, E., Richter, R., Wehrle, G., Prévôt, A., and Baltensperger, U. (2011). Investigations of Primary and Secondary Particulate Matter of Different Wood Combustion Appliances with a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11:5945–5957, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5945-2011.
  • Jacobson, M. Z. (2001). Strong Radiative Heating Due to the Mixing State of Black Carbon in Atmospheric Aerosols. Nature, 409:695–697, doi:10.1038/35055518.
  • Jayne, J. T., Leard, D. C., Zhang, X., Davidovits, P., Smith, K. A., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R. (2000). Development of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Size and Composition Analysis of Submicron Particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33:49–70, doi:10.1080/027868200410840.
  • Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prévôt, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J. E., Dunlea, J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R. (2009). Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere. Science, 326:1525–1529, doi:10.1126/science.1180353.
  • Johnson, K. S., Zuberi, B., Molina, L., Molina, M. J., Iedema, M. J., Cowin, J. P., Gaspar, D. J., Wang, C., and Laskin, A. (2005). Processing of Soot in an Urban Environment: Case Study from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5:3033–3043, doi:10.5194/acp-5-3033-2005.
  • Keller, A., and Burtscher, H. (2012). A Continuous Photo-Oxidation Flow Reactor for a Defined Measurement of the SOA Formation Potential of Wood Burning Emissions. J. Aerosol Sci., 49:9–20, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.02.007.
  • Kiendler-Scharr, A., Zhang, Q., Hohaus, T., Kleist, E., Mensah, A., Mentel, T. F., Spindler, C., Uerlings, R., Tillmann, R., and Wildt, J. (2009). Aerosol Mass Spectrometric Features of Biogenic SOA: Observations from a Plant Chamber and in Rural Atmospheric Environments. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43:8166–8172, doi:10.1021/es901420b.
  • Kocbach, A., Johansen, B., Schwarze, P., and Namork, E. (2005). Analytical Electron Microscopy of Combustion Particles: A Comparison of Vehicle Exhaust and Residential Wood Smoke. Sci. Total Environ., 346:231–243, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.025.
  • Kroll, J. H., Donahue, N. M., Jimenez, J. L., Kessler, S. H., Canagaratna, M. R., Wilson, K. R., Altieri, K. E., Mazzoleni, L. R., Wozniak, A. S., Bluhm, H., et al. (2011). Carbon Oxidation State as a Metric for Describing the Chemistry of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol. Nature Chem., 3:133–139, doi:10.1038/nchem.948.
  • Kroll, J. H., Smith, J. D., Che, D. L., Kessler, S. H., Worsnop, D. R., and Wilson, K. R. (2009). Measurement of Fragmentation and Functionalization Pathways in the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Oxidized Organic Aerosol. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11:8005–8014, doi:10.1039/B905289E.
  • Kulmala, M., Kontkanen, J., Junninen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Manninen, H. E., Nieminen, T., Petäjä, T., Sipilä, M., Schobesberger, S., Rantala, P., Franchin, A., Jokinen, T., Järvinen, E., Äijälä, M., Kangasluoma, J., Hakala, J., Aalto, P. P., Paasonen, P., Mikkilä, J., Vanhanen, J., Aalto, J., Hakola, H., Makkonen, U., Ruuskanen, T., Mauldin III, R. L., Duplissy, J., Vehkamäki1, H., Bäck, J., Kortelainen, A., Riipinen, I., Kurtén, T., Johnston, M. V., Smith, J. N., Ehn, M., Mentel, T. F., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Laaksonen, A., Kerminen, V.-M., and Worsnop, D. R. (2013). Direct Observations of Atmospheric Aerosol Nucleation. Science, 339:943–946, doi:10.1126/science.1227385.
  • Kuwata, M., Zorn, S. R., and Martin, S. T. (2012). Using Elemental Ratios to Predict the Density of Organic Material Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46:787–794, doi:10.1021/es202525q.
  • Lambe, A., Ahern, A., Williams, L., Slowik, J., Wong, J., Abbatt, J., Brune, W., Ng, N., Wright, J., Croasdale, D., Worsnop, D., Davidovits, P., and Onasch, T. (2011). Characterization of Aerosol Photooxidation Flow Reactors: Heterogeneous Oxidation, Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity Measurements. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4:445–461, doi:10.5194/amt-4-445-2011.
  • Lambe, A. T., Miracolo, M. A., Hennigan, C. J., Robinson, A. L., and Donahue, N. M. (2009). Effective Rate Constants and Uptake Coefficients for the Reactions of Organic Molecular Markers (n-Alkanes, Hopanes, and Steranes) in Motor Oil and Diesel Primary Organic Aerosols with Hydroxyl Radicals. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43:8794–8800, doi:10.1021/es901745h.
  • Lambe, A. T., Onasch, T. B., Croasdale, D. R., Wright, J. P., Martin, A. T., Franklin, J. P., Massoli, P., Kroll, J. H., Canagaratna, M. R., and Brune, W. H. (2012). Transitions from Functionalization to Fragmentation Reactions of Laboratory Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) Generated from the OH Oxidation of Alkane Precursors. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46:5430–5437, doi:10.1021/es300274t.
  • Lamberg, H., Nuutinen, K., Tissari, J., Ruusunen, J., Yli-Pirilä, P., Sippula, O., Tapanainen, M., Jalava, P., Makkonen, U., and Teinilä, K. (2011). Physicochemical Characterization of Fine Particles from Small-Scale Wood Combustion. Atmos. Environ., 45:7635–7643, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.072.
  • Leskinen, J., Ihalainen, M., Torvela, T., Kortelainen, M., Lamberg, H., Tiitta, P., Jakobi, G., Grigonyte, J., Joutsensaari, J., Sippula, O., Tissari, J., Virtanen, A., Zimmermann, R., and Jokiniemi, J. (2014). Effective Density and Morphology of Particles Emitted from Small-Scale Combustion of Various Wood Fuels. Environ. Sci. Technol., 48:13 298–13 306, doi:10.1021/es502214a.
  • Li, J., Pósfai, M., Hobbs, P. V., and Buseck, P. R. (2003). Individual Aerosol Particles from Biomass Burning in Southern Africa: 2. Compositions and Aging of Inorganic Particles. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002310.
  • Lim, Y. B., and Ziemann, P. J. (2009). Effects of Molecular Structure on Aerosol Yields from OH Radical-Initiated Reactions of Linear, Branched, and Cyclic Alkanes in the Presence of NOx. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43:2328–2334, doi:10.1021/es803389s.
  • Lipsky, E. M., and Robinson, A. L. (2006). Effects of Dilution on Fine Particle Mass and Partitioning of Semivolatile Organics in Diesel Exhaust and Wood Smoke. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40:155–162, doi:10.1021/es050319p.
  • Liu, P. S. K., Deng, R., Smith, K. A., Williams, L. R., Jayne, J. T., Canagaratna, M. R., Moore, K., Onasch, T. B., Worsnop, D. R., and Deshler, T. (2007). Transmission Efficiency of an Aerodynamic Focusing Lens System: Comparison of Model Calculations and Laboratory Measurements for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41:721–733, doi:10.1080/02786820701422278.
  • Martin, M., Tritscher, T., Jurányi, Z., Heringa, M. F., Sierau, B., Weingartner, E., Chirico, R., Gysel, M., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Baltensperger, U. (2012). Hygroscopic Properties of Fresh and Aged Wood Burning Particles. J. Aerosol Sci., 56:15–29, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.08.006.
  • Matthew, B. M., Middlebrook, A. M., and Onasch, T. B. (2008). Collection Efficiencies in an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer as a Function of Particle Phase for Laboratory Generated Aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 42:884–898, doi:10.1080/02786820802356797.
  • May, A. A., Levin, E. J. T., Hennigan, C. J., Riipinen, I., Lee, T., Collett, J. L., Jimenez, J. L., Kreidenweis, S. M., and Robinson, A. L. (2013). Gas-Particle Partitioning of Primary Organic Aerosol Emissions: 3. Biomass Burning. J. Geophys. Res., 118:11,327–11,338, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50828.
  • Mensah, A., Holzinger, R., Otjes, R., Trimborn, A., Mentel, T. F., ten Brink, H., Henzing, B., and Kiendler-Scharr, A. (2012). Aerosol Chemical Composition at Cabauw, The Netherlands as Observed in Two Intensive Periods in May 2008 and March 2009. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12:4723–4742, doi:10.5194/acp-12-4723-2012.
  • Middlebrook, A. M., Bahreini, R., Jimenez, J. L., and Canagaratna, M. R. (2012). Evaluation of Composition-Dependent Collection Efficiencies for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Using Field Data. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 46:258–271, doi:10.1080/02786826.2011.620041.
  • Miljevic, B., Heringa, M., Keller, A., Meyer, N., Good, J., Lauber, A., Decarlo, P., Fairfull-Smith, K., Nussbaumer, T., and Burtscher, H. (2010). Oxidative Potential of Logwood and Pellet Burning Particles Assessed by a Novel Profluorescent Nitroxide Probe. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44:6601–6607, doi:10.1021/es100963y.
  • Ng, N., Canagaratna, M., Jimenez, J., Chhabra, P., Seinfeld, J., and Worsnop, D. (2011a). Changes in Organic Aerosol Composition with Aging Inferred from Aerosol Mass Spectra. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11:6465–6474, doi:10.5194/acp-11-6465-2011.
  • Ng, N., Canagaratna, M., Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J., Tian, J., Ulbrich, I., Kroll, J., Docherty, K., Chhabra, P., and Bahreini, R. (2010). Organic Aerosol Components Observed in Northern Hemispheric Datasets from Aerosol Mass Spectrometry. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10:4625–4641, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4625-2010.
  • Ng, N. L., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A., Canagaratna, M. R., Croteau, P., Onasch, T. B., Sueper, D., Worsnop, D. R., Zhang, Q., and Sun, Y. (2011b). An Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) for Routine Monitoring of the Composition and Mass Concentrations of Ambient Aerosol. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45:780–794, doi:10.1080/02786826.2011.560211.
  • Ortega, A., Day, D., Cubison, M., Brune, W., Bon, D., de Gouw, J., and Jimenez, J. (2013). Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Primary Organic Aerosol Oxidation from Biomass-Burning Smoke in a Flow Reactor During FLAME-3. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13:11 551–11 571, doi:10.5194/acp-13-11551-2013.
  • Park, K., Kittelson, D. B., Zachariah, M. R., and McMurry, P. H. (2004). Measurement of Inherent Material Density of Nanoparticle Agglomerates. J. Nanopart. Res., 6:267–272, doi:10.1023/B:NANO.0000034657.71309.e6.
  • Pósfai, M., Gelencsér, A., Simonics, R., Arató, K., Li, J., Hobbs, P. V., and Buseck, P. R. (2004). Atmospheric Tar Balls: Particles from Biomass and Biofuel Burning. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109, doi:10.1029/2003JD004169.
  • Pósfai, M., Simonics, R., Li, J., Hobbs, P. V., and Buseck, P. R. (2003). Individual Aerosol Particles from Biomass Burning in Southern Africa: 1. Compositions and Size Distributions of Carbonaceous Particles. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002291.
  • Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. (1998). Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol. 9. Pine, Oak, and Synthetic Log Combustion in Residential Fireplaces. Environ. Sci. Technol., 32:13–22, doi:10.1021/es960930b.
  • Saathoff, H., Naumann, K.-H., Schnaiter, M., Schöck, W., Möhler, O., Schurath, U., Weingartner, E., Gysel, M., and Baltensperger, U. (2003). Coating of Soot and (NH4)2SO4 Particles by Ozonolysis Products of a-Pinene. J. Aerosol Sci., 34:1297–1321, doi:10.1016/S0021-8502(03)00364-1.
  • Shafizadeh, F. (1985). Pyrolytic Reactions and Products of Biomass, in Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, R. Overend, T. Milne, and L. Mudge, eds., Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 183–217, doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4932-4_11.
  • Simoneit, B., Schauer, J., Nolte, C., Oros, D., Elias, V., Fraser, M., Rogge, W., and Cass, G. (1999). Levoglucosan, a Tracer for Cellulose in Biomass Burning and Atmospheric Particles. Atmos. Environ., 33:173–182, doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(98)00145-9.
  • Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Anastasio, C., and Sun, J. (2010). Insights into Secondary Organic Aerosol Formed via Aqueous-Phase Reactions of Phenolic Compounds Based on High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10:4809–4822, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4809-2010.
  • Szidat, S., Jenk, T. M., Synal, H.-A., Kalberer, M., Wacker, L., Hajdas, I., Kasper-Giebl, A., and Baltensperger, U. (2006). Contributions of Fossil Fuel, Biomass-Burning, and Biogenic Emissions to Carbonaceous Aerosols in Zurich as Traced by 14C. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111, doi:10.1029/2005JD006590.
  • Szidat, S., Prévôt, A. S. H., Sandradewi, J., Alfarra, M. R., Synal, H.-A., Wacker, L., and Baltensperger, U. (2007). Dominant Impact of Residential Wood Burning on Particulate Matter in Alpine Valleys during Winter. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34:L05 820, doi:10.1029/2006GL028325.
  • Torvela, T., Tissari, J., Sippula, O., Kaivosoja, T., Leskinen, J., Virén, A., Lähde, A., and Jokiniemi, J. (2014). Effect of Wood Combustion Conditions on the Morphology of Freshly Emitted Fine Particles. Atmos. Environ., 87:65–76, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.028.
  • Turpin, B. J., and Lim, H.-J. (2001). Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35:602–610, doi:10.1080/02786820119445.
  • Vernooij, M. G. C., Mohr, M., Tzvetkov, G., Zelenay, V., Huthwelker, T., Kaegi, R., Gehrig, R., and Grobéty, B. (2009). On Source Identification and Alteration of Single Diesel and Wood Smoke Soot Particles in the Atmosphere: An X-Ray Microspectroscopy Study. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43:5339–5344, doi:10.1021/es800773h.
  • Weimer, S., Alfarra, M. R., Schreiber, D., Mohr, M., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Baltensperger, U. (2008). Organic Aerosol Mass Spectral Signatures from Wood-Burning Emissions: Influence of Burning Conditions and Wood Type. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, doi:10.1029/2007JD009309.
  • Zhang, X., Cappa, C. D., Jathar, S. H., McVay, R. C., Ensberg, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., and Seinfeld, J. H. (2014). Influence of Vapor Wall Loss in Laboratory Chambers on Yields of Secondary Organic Aerosol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111:5802–5807, doi:10.1073/pnas.1404727111, 2014.