871
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Using silver as a surrogate for plutonium: An experimental study of the explosive silver aerosol source term

, , &
Pages 857-869 | Received 15 Feb 2016, Accepted 25 May 2016, Published online: 15 Jun 2016

References

  • Andersen, B. V. (1964). Plutonium Aerosol Particle Size Distributions in Room Air. Health Phys., 10(12):899–907.
  • Boughton, B. A., and DeLaurentis, J. M. (1992). Description and Validation of ERAD: An Atmospheric Dispersion Model for High Explosive Detonations (No. SAND–92-2069). Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM, United States.
  • Bunzl, K., and Kracke, W. (1988). Cumulative Deposition of 137Cs, 238Pu, 239+240Pu and 241Am from Global Fallout in Soils from Forest, Grassland and Arable Land in Bavaria (FRG). J. Environ. Radioactiv., 8(1):1–14.
  • Condit, R. H. (1993). Plutonium Dispersal in Fires: Summary of What is Known (No. UCRL-ID–114164). Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA, United States.
  • Craig, D. K., Cannon, W. C., Filipy, R. E., Powers, G. J., and Dionne, P. J. (1976). SNS Source Term Evaluation Program (No. BNWL–1971). Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, Washington, USA.
  • Dewart, J. M., Bowen, B. M., and Elder, J. C. (1982). Supplementary Documentation for an Environmental Impact Statement Regarding the Pantex Plant: Dispersion Analysis for Postulated Accidents (No. LA-9445-PNTX-D). Los Alamos National Lab., NM, USA.
  • Di Lemma, F. G., Colle, J. Y., Ernstberger, M., Rasmussen, G., Thiele, H., and Konings, R. J. M. (2014). RADES an Experimental Set-up for the Characterization of Aerosol Release from Nuclear and Radioactive Materials. J. Aerosol Sci., 70:36–49.
  • Elder, J. C., Gonzales, M., and Ettinger, H. J. (1974). Plutonium Aerosol Size Characteristics. Health Phys., 27(1):45–53.
  • Ettinger, H. J., Elder, J. C., and Gonzales, M. (1972). Size Characteristics of Plutonium Aerosols, in Proc. 12th AEC Air Cleaning Conf., USAEC Rept., CONF-720823, M. W. First, ed., USAEC, pp. 740-754. Available at http://rsearch.hitechsvc.com/nuclearsafety/qa/hepa/nureg_12Vol2/session11.pdf.
  • Fernandez, Y., and Burghoffer, P. (1995). Radioactive Aerosols Emission in Fires. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 23(2):231–238.
  • Fetter, S., and Von Hippel, F. (1990). The Hazard from Plutonium Dispersal by Nuclear-Warhead Accidents. Sci. Global Security, 2(1):21–41.
  • Fuller, R. K. (1965). Operation Roller Coaster Project Officer's Report-Project 2.6a: Special Particulate Characteristics (No. POR-2506). U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, CA.
  • Hao, F., Liu, X., Xiao, C, Xiong, W., Ze, R., Gong, J., and Hu, S. (2009). Size Distributing of Explosion-Generated Particles in a Sealed Container. Nucl. Techniq., 32(5):343–346. (in Chinese)
  • Harra, J., Mäkitalo, J., Siikanen, R., Virkki, M., Genty, G., Kobayashi, T., Kauranen, M., and Mäkelä, J. M. (2012). Size-Controlled Aerosol Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Plasmonic Materials. J. Nanopart. Res., 14(6):1–10.
  • Haschke, J. M. (1992). Evaluation of Source-Term Data for Plutonium Aerosolization (No. LA-12315-MS). Los Alamos National Lab., NM, United States.
  • Haschke, J. M., and Martz, J. C. (1998). Oxidation Kinetics of Plutonium in Air from 500 to 3500°C- Application to Source Terms for Dispersal. J. Alloy Compounds, 266(1):81–89.
  • Homann, S., and Wilson, D. V. (1995). HOTSPOT Training Manual: Health Physics Codes for the PC, UCRL-MA-118617. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California.
  • Johansen, M. P., Child, D. P., Davis, E., Doering, C., Harrison, J. J., Hotchkis, M. A. C., Payne, T. E., Thiruvoth, S., Twining, J. R., and Wood, M. D. (2014). Plutonium in Wildlife and Soils at the Maralinga Legacy Site: Persistence Over Decadal Time Scales. J. Environ. Radioactiv., 131:72–80.
  • Johansen, M. P., Kamboj, S., and Kuhne, W. W. (2013). Whole-Organism Concentration Ratios for Plutonium in Wildlife from Past US Nuclear Research Data. J. Environ. Radioactiv., 126:412–419.
  • Kim, H. S., Joung, C. Y., Lee, B. H., Oh, J. Y., Koo, Y. H., and Heimgartner, P. (2008). Applicability of CeO2 as a Surrogate for PuO2 in a MOX Fuel Development. J. Nuclear Mater., 378(1):98–104.
  • Ku, B. K., and Maynard, A. D. (2005). Comparing Aerosol Surface-Area Measurements of Monodisperse Ultrafine Silver Agglomerates by Mobility Analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Diffusion Charging. J. Aerosol Sci., 36(9):1108–1124.
  • Kulkarni, P., Baron, P. A., and Willeke, K. (Eds.). (2011). Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
  • Lide, D. R. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Available at: http://www.hbcpnetbase.com.
  • Liu, W. J., Hu, B. Y., and Li, Q. Z. (2011). Review of Plutonium Aerosol Source-Term in Nuclear Accident. J. Safety Environ., 11(5):259–263. (in Chinese)
  • Liu, W. X., Tan, S. S., Jing, J. Y., Zhang, X. L., Zhu, Y. R., Liu, G. L., and Zhang, Q. M. (2013). Internal Loads and Structure Responses of Spherical Explosive Vessel. Explos. Shock Waves, 33(6):594–600.
  • Luna, R. E., and Church, H. W. (1969). Difout: A Model for Computation of Aerosol Transport and Diffusion in the Atmosphere (No. SC-RR–68-555). Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, NM.
  • Luna, R. E., Church, H. W., and Shreve, J. D. (1971). Variability of Air Sampler Data. Atmos. Environ. (1967), 5(8):579–597.
  • Martz, J. C., and Haschke, J. M. (1998). A Mechanism for Combustive Heating and Explosive Dispersal of Plutonium. J. Alloy Compound, 266(1):90–103.
  • Mishima, J., and Pinkston, D. (1994). DOE Handbook: Airborne Release Fractions/Rates and Respirable Fractions for Nonreactor Nuclear Facilities (No. DOE-HDBK-3010-94), Vol. 1, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
  • Olson, C., Landsberger, S., and Braisted, J. (2007). Neutron Activation Analysis of Aerosolized Sodium Chloride to Simulate Size-Fractionation of Plutonium in a Glovebox. J. Radioanalyt. Nucl. Chem., 276(1):157–160.
  • Sagartz, M. J. (1995). Violent Reaction Source Term Study (No. SAND-943252). Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
  • Shinn, J. H. (2002). Complementary Pu Resuspension Study at Palomares, Spain (No. UCRL-ID-150980). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, San Francisco, CA, United States.
  • Shinn, J. H., Homan, D. N., and Hofmann, C. B. (1986). A Summary of Plutonium Aerosol Studies: Resuspension at the Nevada Test Site (No. UCRL-90746). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, United States.
  • Shinonaga, T., Steier, P., Lagos, M., and Ohkura, T. (2014). Airborne Plutonium and Non-Natural Uranium from the Fukushima DNPP Found at 120 km Distance a Few Days After Reactor Hydrogen Explosions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 48(7):3808–3814.
  • Simones, M. P., Gutti, V. R., Meyer, R. M., and Loyalka, S. K. (2011). Measurements of Aerosol Charge and Size Distribution for Graphite, Gold, Palladium, and Silver Nanoparticles. Nucl. Technol., 176(2):211–226.
  • Simones, M. P., and Loyalka, S. K. (2015). Measurements of Charged Aerosol Coagulation. Nucl. Technol., 189(1):45–62.
  • Steele, C. M., Wald, T. L., and Chanin, D. I. (1998). Plutonium Explosive Dispersal Modeling using the MACCS2 Computer Code (No. LA-UR–98-1901). Los Alamos National Lab., NM United States.
  • Stephens, D. R. (1995). Source Terms for Plutonium Aerosolization From Nuclear Weapon Accidents (No. UCRL-ID–119303). Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA, United States.
  • Stewart, K., Thomas, D. M. C., Terry, J. L., and Wilson, R. H. (1965). A Preliminary Evaluation of the Biological Measurements on Operation Roller Coaster (Joint US/UK Experiments) (No. AWRE-0-29/65). Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, Aldermaston, England.
  • Titus, R. W. (1965). Operation Roller Coaster. Project Officers Report-Project 2.4. Micro-Meteorological Measurements (U) (No. POR-2504). United States Weather Bureau Research Station, Las Vegas, NV.
  • Voelz, G. L., and Buican, I. G. (2000). Plutonium and Health: How Great is the Risk? Los Alamos Sci., 26:74–89.
  • Wendel, C. C., Fifield, L. K., Oughton, D. H., Lind, O. C., Skipperud, L., Bartnicki, J., Tims, S. G., Høibråten, S., and Salbu, B. (2013). Long-Range Tropospheric Transport of Uranium and Plutonium Weapons Fallout from Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site to Norway. Environ. Int., 59:92–102.
  • Williams, M. M. R., and Loyalka, S. K. (1991). Aerosol Science: Theory and Practice. Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K.
  • World Health Organization. (1999). Hazard Prevention and Control in the Work Environment: Airborne Dust (WHO/SDE/OEH/99.14). WHO, Geneva.
  • Zamoryanskaya, M. V., and Burakov, B. E. (2000). Feasibility Limits in Using Cerium as a Surrogate for Plutonium Incorporation in Zircon, Zirconia and Pyrochlore, in MRS Proceedings, K. P. Hart and G. R. Lumpkin, eds., Vol. 663, Cambridge University Press, pp. 301. Available at http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8232433&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S1946427400646535
  • Zhou, H. S., and Dong, F. F. (1989). Performance of High Explosives and Related Materials (in Chinese). Science Press, Beijing.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.