Emission measurements with gravimetric impactors and electrical devices: An aerosol instrument comparison

References

• “Air Quality Standards.” 2017 European Commission. 2017. Accessed September 6, 2018. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Amaral, S., J. de Carvalho, M. Costa, and C. Pinheiro. 2015. An overview of particulate matter measurement instruments. Atmosphere 6 (9):1327–1345. doi:10.3390/atmos6091327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreae, M. O., C. D. Jones, and P. M. Cox. 2005. Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future. Nature 435 (7046):1187–1190. doi:10.1038/nature03671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aunela-Tapola, L. A., F. J. Frandsen, and E. K. Häsänen. 1998. Trace metal emissions from the estonian oil shale fired power plant. Fuel Processing Technol. 57 (1):1–24. doi:10.1016/S0378-3820(98)00069-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brachert, L., J. Mertens, P. Khakharia, and K. Schaber. 2014. The challenge of measuring sulfuric acid aerosols: Number concentration and size evaluation using a condensation particle counter (CPC) and an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI+). J. Aerosol Sci. 67:21–27. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.09.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burtscher, H. 2005. Physical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review. Aerosol Sci. 36 (7):896–932.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charvet, A., S. Bau, D. Bémer, and D. Thomas. 2015. On the importance of density in ELPI data Post-Treatment. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 49 (12):1263–1270. doi:10.1080/02786826.2015.1117568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhaniyala, S., M. Fierz, J. Keskinen, and M. Marjamäki. 2011. Instruments based on electrical detection of aerosols. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, ed. Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron and Klaus Willeke, 393–416. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/9781118001684.ch18.
   Google Scholar
• Duan, J., J. Tan, S. Wang, J. Hao, and F. Chai. 2012. Size distributions and sources of elements in particulate matter at curbside, Urban and rural sites in beijing. J. Environ. Sci. 24 (1):87–94. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60731-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häsänen, E., L. Aunela-Tapola, V. Kinnunen, K. Larjava, A. Mehtonen, T. Salmikangas, J. Leskelä, and J. Loosaar. 1997. Emission factors and annual emissions of bulk and trace elements from oil shale fueled power plants. Sci. Total Environ. 198 (1):1–12. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(97)05432-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hering, S. V. 1995. “Impactors, cyclones, and other inertial and gravitational collectors.” In Air sampling instruments for evaluation of atmospheric contaminants, ed. B. S. Cohen and S. V. Hering, 279–321, 8th ed. Ohio: ACGIH.
   Google Scholar
• Hitzenberger, R. M., A. Berner, Z. Galambos, W. Maenhaut, J. Cafmeyer, J. Schwarz, and K. Müller. 2004. Intercomparison of methods to measure the mass concentration of the atmospheric aerosol during INTERCOMP2000 - Influence of instrumentation and size cuts. Atmos. Environ. 38 (38): 6467–6476. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järvinen, A., M. Aitomaa, A. Rostedt, J. Keskinen, and J. Yli-Ojanperä. 2014. Calibration of the new electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI+). J. Aerosol. Sci. 69 (March):150–159. doi:10.1016/J.JAEROSCI.2013.12.006.
   Google Scholar
• Keskinen, J., K. Pietarinen, and M. Lehtimäki. 1992. Electrical low pressure impactor. J. Aerosol Sci. 23 (4):353–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, W., H. Lödding, W. Mölter, and F. Munzinger. 1988. Verdünnungssystem für die messung hochkonzentrierter aerosole mit optischen partikelzählern. Staub. Reinhaltung Der Luft 48 (9):341–344.
   Google Scholar
• Konist, A., O. Järvik, T. Pihu, and D. Neshumayev. 2018. Combustion as a possible solution pyrolytic wastewater utilization. Chem. Eng. Trans. 70:859–864. doi: 10.3303/CET1870144.
   Google Scholar
• Konist, A., B. Maaten, L. Loo, D. Neshumayev, and T. Pihu. 2016. Mineral sequestration of Co2 by carbonation of Ca-Rich oil shale ash in natural conditions. Oil Shale 33 (3):248–259. doi:10.3176/oil.2016.3.04.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, L. A., C. L. Reddington, and K. S. Carslaw. 2016. On the relationship between aerosol model uncertainty and radiative forcing uncertainty. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 113 (21):5820–5827. doi:10.1073/pnas.1507050113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelieveld, J., J. S. Evans, M. Fnais, D. Giannadaki, and A. Pozzer. 2015. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature 525 (7569):367–371. doi:10.1038/nature15371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leskinen, J., M. Ihalainen, T. Torvela, M. Kortelainen, H. Lamberg, P. Tiitta, and G. Jakobi. 2014. Effective density and morphology of particles emitted from small-scale combustion of various wood fuels. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (22):13298–13306. doi:10.1021/es502214a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsky, E. M., and A. L. Robinson. 2006. Effects of dilution on fine particle mass and partitioning of semivolatile organics in diesel exhaust and wood smoke. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (1):155–162. doi:10.1021/es050319p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., Y. Ge, K. C. Johnson, A. N. Shah, J. Tan, C. Wang, and L. Yu. 2011. Real-World operation conditions and on-Road emissions of beijing diesel buses measured by using portable emission measurement system and electric Low-Pressure impactor. Sci. Total Environ. 409 (8):1476–1480. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq, M. M., D. H. Podsiadlik, and R. E. Chase. 2000. Size distributions of motor vehicle exhaust PM: A comparison between ELPI and SMPS measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 33 (3):239–260. doi:10.1080/027868200416231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq, M. M., N. Xu, and R. E. Chase. 2006. Measuring particulate mass emissions with the electrical low pressure impactor. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 40 (1):68–79. doi:10.1080/02786820500466591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marjamäki, M.,. J. Keskinen, D.-R. Chen, and D. Y. H. Pui. 2000. Performance evaluation of the electrical Low-Pressure impactor. J. Aerosol Sci. 31 (2): 249–261. doi: 10.1016/S0021-8502(99)00052-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moisio, M. 1999. Real-time size distribution measurement of combustion aerosols. Tampere University of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Obaidullah, M., S. Bram, V. K. Verma, and J. De Ruyck. 2012. A review on particle emissions from small scale biomass combustion. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 2 (1):147–159. http://www.ijrer.net/index.php/ijrer/article/view/147.
   Google Scholar
• Parve, T., J. Loosaar, M. Mahhov, and A. Konist. 2011. Emission of fine particulates from oil shale fired large boilers. Oil Shale 28 (1S):152–161. doi:10.3176/oil.2011.1S.07.
   Google Scholar
• Petzold, A., R. Marsh, M. Johnson, M. Miller, Y. Sevcenco, D. Delhaye, A. Ibrahim., et al. 2011. Evaluation of methods for measuring particulate matter emissions from gas turbines. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (8):3562–3568. doi:10.1021/es103969v.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirjola, L., T. Rönkkö, E. Saukko, H. Parviainen, A. Malinen, J. Alanen, and H. Saveljeff. 2017. Exhaust emissions of Non-Road mobile machine: Real-World and laboratory studies with diesel and HVO fuels. Fuel 202:154–164. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönkkö, T., A. Virtanen, K. Vaaraslahti, J. Keskinen, L. Pirjola, and M. Lappi. 2006. Effect of dilution conditions and driving parameters on nucleation mode particles in diesel exhaust: Laboratory and on-Road study. Atmos. Environ. 40 (16):2893–2901. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtanen, A., M. Marjamäki, J. Ristimäki, and J. Keskinen. 2001. Fine particle losses in electrical low-pressure impactor. J. Aerosol Sci. 32 (3):389–401. doi:10.1016/S0021-8502(00)00087-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, J., Y. Li, X. Wang, T. D. Durbin, K. C. Johnson, G. Karavalakis, A. Asa-Awuku, M. Villela, D. Quiros, S. Hu, T. Huai, A. Ayala, and H. S. Jung. 2015. Comparison of vehicle exhaust particle size distributions measured by SMPS and EEPS during steady-state conditions. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 49 (10):984–996. doi:10.1080/02786826.2015.1088146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar