Long-term sensor measurements of lung deposited surface area of particulate matter emitted from local vehicular and residential wood combustion sources

References

• Amanatidis, S., M. M. Maricq, L. Ntziachristos, and Z. Samaras. 2016. Measuring number, mass, and size of exhaust particles with diffusion chargers: The dual Pegasor Particle Sensor. J. Aerosol Sci. 92:1–15. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.10.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amanatidis, S., M. M. Maricq, L. Ntziachristos, and Z. Samaras. 2017. Application of the dual Pegasor Particle Sensor to real-time measurement of motor vehicle exhaust PM. J. Aerosol Sci. 103:93–104. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asbach, C., H. Fissan, B. Stahlmecke, T. A. J. Kuhlbusch, and D. Y. H. Pui. 2009. Conceptual limitations and extensions of lung-deposited nanoparticle surface area monitor (NSAM). J. Nanoparticle Res. 11 (1):101–109. doi:10.1007/s11051-008-9479-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bair, W. J. 1994. The Revised International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) dosimetric model for the human respiratory tract—An overview. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38:251–256. doi:10.1093/annhyg/38.inhaled_particles_VII.251.
   Google Scholar
• Brines, M., M. Dall’Osto, D. C. S. Beddows, R. M. Harrison, and X. Querol. 2014. Simplifying aerosol size distributions modes simultaneously detected at four monitoring sites during SAPUSS. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14 (6):2973–2986. doi:10.5194/acp-14-2973-2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, R. D., S. Rajagopalan, C. A. Pope, J. R. Brook, A. Bhatnagar, A. V. Diez-Roux, F. Holguin, Y. Hong, R. V. Luepker, M. A. Mittleman, A., et al. 2010. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 121 (21):2331–2378. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, D. M., M. R. Wilson, W. MacNee, V. Stone, and K. Donaldson. 2001. Size-dependent proinflammatory effects of ultrafine polystyrene particles: a role for surface area and oxidative stress in the enhanced activity of ultrafines. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 175 (3):191–199. doi:10.1006/taap.2001.9240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buonanno, G., S. Marini, L. Morawska, and F. C. Fuoco. 2012. Individual dose and exposure of Italian children to ultrafine particles. Sci. Total Environ. 438:271–277. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone, S., M. Aurela, K. Saarnio, S. Saarikoski, H. Timonen, A. Frey, D. Sueper, I. M. Ulbrich, J. L. Jimenez, M. Kulmala, et al. 2014. Wintertime aerosol chemistry in Sub-arctic urban air. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 48 (3):313–323. doi:10.1080/02786826.2013.875115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dal Maso, M., M. Kulmala, I. Riipinen, R. Wagner, T. Hussein, P. Aalto, and K. E. J. Lehtinen. 2005. Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR. Boreal Environ. Res. 10:323–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dal Maso, M., J. Gao, A. Järvinen, H. Li, D. Luo, K. Janka, and T. Rönkkö. 2016. Improving air quality measurements by a diffusion charger based electrical particle sensors – A field study in Beijing, China. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 16:3001–3011. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2015.09.0546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery, D. W., C. A. Pope, X. Xu, J. D. Spengler, J. H. Ware, M. E. Fay, B. G. Ferris, and F. E. Speizer. 1993. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N. Engl. J. Med. 329 (24):1753–1759. doi:10.1056/NEJM199312093292401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EEA. 2018. Air quality in Europe – 2018 report. EEA Report No 12/2018, Copenhagen, Denmark. doi:10.2800/777411.
   Google Scholar
• Eeftens, M., H. C. Phuleria, R. Meier, I. Aguilera, E. Corradi, M. Davey, R. Ducret-Stich, M. Fierz, R. Gehrig, A. Ineichen, et al. 2015. Spatial and temporal variability of ultrafine particles, NO2, PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10 and PMcoarse in Swiss study areas. Atmos. Environ. 111 (2):60–70. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Council, D. 2008. On ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe 2008/50/EC. Off. J. 1:1–44.
   Google Scholar
• Fierz, M. 2011. Lung-deposited surface area measurements in Zurich. http://www.exisab.com/Docs/Conferences/ETH_Nanoparticle_2011/.
   Google Scholar
• Fierz, M., C. Houle, P. Steigmeier, and H. Burtscher. 2011. Design, calibration, and field performance of a miniature diffusion size classifier. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 45 (1):1–10. doi:10.1080/02786826.2010.516283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fierz, M., D. Meier, P. Steigmeier, and H. Burtscher. 2014. Aerosol measurement by induced currents. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 48 (4):350–357. doi:10.1080/02786826.2013.875981.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fissan, H., S. Neumann, A. Trampe, D. Y. H. Pui, and W. G. Shin. 2006. Rationale and principle of an instrument measuring lung deposited nanoparticle surface area. J. Nanoparticle Res. 9 (1):53–59. doi:10.1007/s11051-006-9156-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, M., J. Cao, and E. Seto. 2015. A distributed network of low-cost continuous reading sensors to measure spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5 in Xi’an, China. Environ. Pollut. 199:56–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, J. F. P., J. C. M. Bordado, and P. C. S. Albuquerque. 2012. On the assessment of exposure to airborne ultrafine particles in urban environments. J. Toxicol. Environ. Heal. Part A Curr. Issues 75 (22–23):1316–1329. doi:10.1080/15287394.2012.721163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hama, S. M. L., N. Ma, R. L. Cordell, G. P. A. Kos, A. Wiedensohler, and P. S. Monks. 2017. Lung deposited surface area in Leicester urban background site/UK: Sources and contribution of new particle formation. Atmos. Environ. 151:94–107. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helin, A., J. Niemi, A. Virkkula, L. Pirjola, K. Teinilä, J. Backman, M. Aurela, S. Saarikoski, T. Rönkkö, E. Asmi, et al. 2018. Characteristics and source apportionment of black carbon in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. Atmos. Environ. 190:87–98. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennig, F., U. Quass, B. Hellack, M. Küpper, T. A. J. Kuhlbusch, M. Stafoggia, and B. Hoffmann. 2018. Ultrafine and fine particle number and surface area concentrations and daily cause-specific mortality in the Ruhr area, Germany, 2009–2014. Environ. Health Perspect. 126 (2):2009–2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds, W. C. 1999. Aerosol technology: Properties, behaviour, and measurement of airborne particles. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Hoek, G., R. M. Krishnan, R. Beelen, A. Peters, B. Ostro, B. Brunekreef, and J. D. Kaufman. 2013. Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio-respiratory mortality: A review. Environ. Health 12 (1):43. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-12-43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järvinen, A., H. Kuuluvainen, J. V. Niemi, S. Saari, M. Dal Maso, L. Pirjola, R. Hillamo, K. Janka, J. Keskinen, and T. Rönkkö. 2015. Monitoring urban air quality with a diffusion charger based electrical particle sensor. Urban Clim. 14:441–456. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2014.10.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao, W., G. Hagler, R. Williams, R. Sharpe, R. Brown, D. Garver, R. Judge, M. Caudill, J. Rickard, M. Davis, et al. 2016. Community Air Sensor Network (CAIRSENSE) Project: Evaluation of low-cost sensor performance in a suburban environment in the southeastern United States. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 9 (11):5281–5292. doi:10.5194/amt-9-5281-2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karjalainen, P., H. Timonen, E. Saukko, H. Kuuluvainen, S. Saarikoski, P. Aakko-Saksa, T. Murtonen, M. Bloss, M. Dal Maso, P. Simonen, et al. 2016. Time-resolved characterization of primary particle emissions and secondary particle formation from a modern gasoline passenger car. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 (13):8559–8570. doi:10.5194/acp-16-8559-2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, F. J., and J. C. Fussell. 2012. Size, source and chemical composition as determinants of toxicity attributable to ambient particulate matter. Atmos. Environ. 60:504–526. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, P., P. A. Baron, and K. Willeke. 2011. Aerosol measurement, 2nd ed, aerosol measurement: Principles, techniques, and applications. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, P., L. Morawska, C. Martani, G. Biskos, M. Neophytou, S. Di Sabatino, M. Bell, L. Norford, and R. Britter. 2015. The rise of low-cost sensing for managing air pollution in cities. Environ Int. 75:199–205. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuula, J., H. Kuuluvainen, T. Rönkkö, J. V. Niemi, E. Saukko, H. Portin, M. Aurela, S. Saarikoski, A. Rostedt, R. Hillamo, et al. 2018. Applicability of optical and diffusion charging-based particulate matter sensors to urban air quality measurements. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 122:1–16. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2018.04.0143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuuluvainen, H., M. Poikkimäki, A. Järvinen, J. Kuula, M. Irjala, M. Dal Maso, J. Keskinen, H. Timonen, J. V. Niemi, and T. Rönkkö. 2018. Vertical profiles of lung deposited surface area concentration of particulate matter measured with a drone in a street canyon. Environ. Pollut. 241:96–105. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuuluvainen, H., T. Rönkkö, A. Järvinen, S. Saari, P. Karjalainen, T. Lähde, L. Pirjola, J. Niemi, R. Hillamo, and J. Keskinen. 2016. Lung deposited surface area size distributions of particulate matter in different urban areas. Atmos. Environ. 136:105–113. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberg, H., K. Nuutinen, J. Tissari, J. Ruusunen, P. Yli-Pirilä, O. Sippula, M. Tapanainen, P. Jalava, U. Makkonen, K. Teinilä, et al. 2011. Physicochemical characterization of fine particles from small-scale wood combustion. Atmos. Environ. 45 (40):7635–7643. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelieveld, J., J. S. Evans, M. Fnais, D. Giannadaki, and A. Pozzer. 2015. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature 525 (7569):367–371. doi:10.1038/nature15371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, N., and W. Birmili. 2015. Estimating the contribution of photochemical particle formation to ultrafine particle number averages in an urban atmosphere. Sci. Total Environ. 512–513:154–166. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manninen, H. E., T. Nieminen, E. Asmi, S. Gagné, S. Häkkinen, K. Lehtipalo, P. Aalto, M. Vana, A. Mirme, S. Mirme, et al. 2010. EUCAARI ion spectrometer measurements at 12 European sites-analysis of new particle formation events. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 (16):7907–7927. doi:10.5194/acp-10-7907-2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq, M. M. 2013. Monitoring motor vehicle pm emissions: An evaluation of three portable low-cost aerosol instruments. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 47(5):564–573. doi:10.1080/02786826.2013.773394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maso, M. D., J. Gao, A. Järvinen, H. Li, D. Luo, K. Janka, and T. Rönkkö. 2017. Improving urban air quality measurements by a diffusion charger based electrical particle sensors – A field study in Beijing, China. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 16 (12):3001–3011. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2015.09.0546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morawska, L., P. K. Thai, X. Liu, A. Asumadu-Sakyi, G. Ayoko, A. Bartonova, A. Bedini, F. Chai, B. Christensen, M. Dunbabin, et al. 2018. Applications of low-cost sensing technologies for air quality monitoring and exposure assessment: How far have they gone? Environ. Int. 116:286–299. (February):doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi, J., S. Saarikoski, M. Aurela, H. Tervahattu, R. Hillamo, D. L. Westphal, P. Aarnio, T. Koskentalo, U. Makkonen, H. Vehkamäki, et al. 2009. Long-range transport episodes of fine particles in Southern Finland during 1999-2007. Atmos. Environ. 43 (6):1255–1264. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.11.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntziachristos, L., S. Amanatidis, Z. Samaras, K. Janka, and J. Tikkanen. 2013. Application of the Pegasor Particle Sensor for the measurement of mass and particle number emissions. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 6 (2):521–531.
   Google Scholar
• Ntziachristos, L., A. Polidori, H. Phuleria, M. D. Geller, and C. Sioutas. 2007. Application of a diffusion charger for the measurement of particle surface concentration in different environments. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 41 (6):571–580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster, G., E. Oberdörster, and J. Oberdörster. 2005. Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (7):823–839. doi:10.1289/ehp.7339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirinen, P., H. Simola, J. Aalto, J.-P. Kaukoranta, P. Karlsson, and R. Ruuhela. 2012. Tilastoja suomen ilmastosta 1981-2010. Raportteja 1:96.
   Google Scholar
• Pirjola, L., A. Dittrich, J. V. Niemi, S. Saarikoski, H. Timonen, H. Kuuluvainen, A. Järvinen, A. Kousa, T. Rönkkö, and R. Hillamo. 2016. Physical and chemical characterization of real-world particle number and mass emissions from city buses in Finland. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (1):294–304. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b04105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirjola, L., J. Niemi, S. Saarikoski, M. Aurela, J. Enroth, S. Carbone, K. Saarnio, H. Kuuluvainen, A. Kousa, T. Rönkkö, et al. 2017. Physical and chemical characterization of urban winter-time aerosols by mobile measurements in Helsinki, Finland. Atmos. Environ. 158:60–75. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.03.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai, A. C., P. Kumar, F. Pilla, A. N. Skouloudis, S. Di Sabatino, C. Ratti, A. Yasar, and D. Rickerby. 2017. End-user perspective of low-cost sensors for outdoor air pollution monitoring. Sci. Total Environ. 607 (Suppl. C):691–705. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reche, C., M. Viana, M. Brines, N. Pérez, D. Beddows, A. Alastuey, and X. Querol. 2015. Determinants of aerosol lung-deposited surface area variation in an urban environment. Sci. Total Environ. 517:38–47. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönkkö, T., H. Kuuluvainen, P. Karjalainen, J. Keskinen, R. Hillamo, J. V. Niemi, L. Pirjola, H. J. Timonen, S. Saarikoski, E. Saukko, et al. 2017. Traffic is a major source of atmospheric nanocluster aerosol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114 (29):7549–7554. doi:10.1073/pnas.1700830114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostedt, A., A. Arffman, K. Janka, J. Yli-Ojanperä, and J. Keskinen. 2014. Characterization and response model of the PPS-M aerosol sensor. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 48 (10):1022–1030. doi:10.1080/02786826.2014.951023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarikoski, S., H. Timonen, K. Saarnio, M. Aurela, L. Järvi, P. Keronen, V.-M. Kerminen, and R. Hillamo. 2008. Sources of organic carbon in fine particulate matter in Northern European urban air. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8 (20):6281–6295. doi:10.5194/acp-8-6281-2008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, R. A., J. J. West, Y. Zhang, S. C. Anenberg, J. F. Lamarque, D. T. Shindell, W. J. Collins, S. Dalsoren, G. Faluvegi, G. Folberth, et al. 2013. Global premature mortality due to anthropogenic outdoor air pollution and the contribution of past climate change. Environ. Res. Lett. 8 (3):034005. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirignano, M., M. Conturso, A. Magno, S. Di Iorio, E. Mancaruso, B. M. Vaglieco, and A. D'Anna. 2018. Evidence of sub-10 nm particles emitted from a small-size diesel engine. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 95:60–64. (January):doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.01.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, E. G., T. H. Watkins, P. A. Solomon, E. D. Thoma, R. W. Williams, G. Hagler, D. Shelow, D. A. Hindin, V. J. Kilaru, and P. W. Preuss. 2013. The changing paradigm of air pollution monitoring. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (20):11369–11377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timonen, H., S. Carbone, M. Aurela, K. Saarnio, S. Saarikoski, N. L. Ng, M. R. Canagaratna, M. Kulmala, V. M. Kerminen, D. R. Worsnop, et al. 2013. Characteristics, sources and water-solubility of ambient submicron organic aerosol in springtime in Helsinki, Finland. J. Aerosol Sci. 56:61–77. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tissari, J., J. Lyyränen, K. Hytönen, O. Sippula, U. Tapper, A. Frey, K. Saarnio, A. S. Pennanen, R. Hillamo, R. O. Salonen, et al. 2008. Fine particle and gaseous emissions from normal and smouldering wood combustion in a conventional masonry heater. Atmos. Environ. 42 (34):7862–7873. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todea, A. M., S. Beckmann, H. Kaminski, and C. Asbach. 2015. Accuracy of electrical aerosol sensors measuring lung deposited surface area concentrations. J. Aerosol Sci. 89:96–109. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, J., J. E. Penner, G. Lin, C. Zhou, L. Xu, and B. Zhuang. 2017. Mechanism of SOA formation determines magnitude of radiative effects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114 (48):12685–12690. doi:10.1073/pnas.1712273114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar