Generation of ash particles from different lube oil mists

References

• Avulapati, M. M., L. C. Ganippa, J. Xia, and A. Megaritis. 2016. Puffing and micro-explosion of diesel–biodiesel–ethanol blends. Fuel. 166:59–66. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avulapati, M. M., T. Megaritis, J. Xia, and L. Ganippa. 2019. Experimental understanding on the dynamics of micro-explosion and puffing in ternary emulsion droplets. Fuel. 239 (7):1284–92. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.11.112.
   Google Scholar
• Bardasz, E. D. Mackney, N. Britton, G. Kleinschek, K. Olofsson, I. Murray, and A. P. Walker. 2003. Investigations of the interactions between lubricant-derived species and aftertreatment systems on a state-of-the-art heavy duty diesel engine (SAE Technical Paper Series). Warrendale, PA: SAE International400 Commonwealth Drive. doi:10.4271/2003-01-1963.
   Google Scholar
• Basu, S., and A. Miglani. 2016. Combustion and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid fuel droplets: A short review. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 96 (10):482–503. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.01.053.
   Google Scholar
• Botero, M. L., Y. Huang, D. L. Zhu, A. Molina, and C. K. Law. 2012. Synergistic combustion of droplets of ethanol, diesel and biodiesel mixtures. Fuel. 94:342–7. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.10.049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burtscher, H. 2005. Physical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review. J. Aerosol. Sci. 36 (7):896–932. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittler, A. 2014. Abgasnachbehandlung mit Partikelfiltersystemen in Nutzfahrzeugen. Habil.-Schr. Wuppertaler Reihe zur Umweltsicherheit. Shaker. Zugl.: Wuppertal, Univ.
   Google Scholar
• Dorscheidt, F. Sterlepper, S. Görgen, M. Nijs, M. Claßen, J. Yadla, S. K. Maurer, R. Pischinger, S. Krysmon, S, and Abdelkader, A. 2020. Gasoline particulate filter characterization focusing on the filtration efficiency of nano-particulates down to 10 nm (SAE Technical Paper Series). SAE International400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA. doi:https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-2212.
   Google Scholar
• Eakle, S. S. Avery, P. Weber, and C. Henry. 2018. Comparison of accelerated ash loading methods for gasoline particulate filters (SAE Technical Paper Series). SAE International400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA. doi:10.4271/2018-01-1703.
   Google Scholar
• Givens, W. A. W. H. Buck, A. Jackson, A. Kaldor, A. Hertzberg, W. Moehrmann, S. Mueller-Lunz, N. Pelz, and G. Wenninger. 2003. Lube formulation effects on transfer of elements to exhaust after-treatment system components (SAE Technical Paper Series). SAE International400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA. doi:10.4271/2003-01-3109.
   Google Scholar
• Heikkilä, J., A. Virtanen, T. Rönkkö, J. Keskinen, P. Aakko-Saksa, and T. Murtonen. 2009. Nanoparticle emissions from a heavy-duty engine running on alternative diesel fuels. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (24):9501–6. doi:10.1021/es9013807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmat Esfe, M., M. Afrand, S. Gharehkhani, H. Rostamian, D. Toghraie, and M. Dahari. 2016. An experimental study on viscosity of alumina-engine oil: Effects of temperature and nanoparticles concentration. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 76:202–8. doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.05.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertzberg, A. 2003. Schnellveraschung von Partikelfiltern. Personal communication to Achim Dittler.
   Google Scholar
• Hinds, W. C. 2012. Aerosol technology: Properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles (2. Aufl.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience. http://gbv.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1120423
   Google Scholar
• Hou, S.-S., F. M. Rizal, T.-H. Lin, T.-Y. Yang, and H.-P. Wan. 2013. Microexplosion and ignition of droplets of fuel oil/bio-oil (derived from lauan wood) blends. Fuel 113:31–42. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishizawa, T., H. Yamane, H. Satoh, K. Sekiguchi, M. Arai, N. Yoshimoto, and T. Inoue. 2009. Investigation into ash loading and its relationship to DPF regeneration method. SAE Int. J. Commer. Veh. 2 (2):164–75. doi:10.4271/2009-01-2882.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, J., J. Gong, W. Liu, T. Chen, and C. Zhong. 2016. Analysis on filtration characteristic of wall-flow filter for ash deposition in cake. J. Aerosol Sci. 95:73–83. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.01.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamp, C. J., P. Folino, Y. Wang, A. Sappok, J. Ernstmeyer, A. Saeid, R. Singh, B. Kharraja, and V. W. Wong. 2015. Ash accumulation and impact on sintered metal fiber diesel particulate filters. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 8 (2):487–93. doi:10.4271/2015-01-1012.
   Google Scholar
• Karin, P., L. Cui, P. Rubio, T. Tsuruta, and K. Hanamura. 2009. Microscopic visualization of PM trapping and regeneration in micro-structural pores of a DPF wall. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 2 (1):661–9. doi:10.4271/2009-01-1476.
   Google Scholar
• Kittelson, D. B. 1998. Engines and nanoparticles. J. Aerosol Sci. 29 (5–6):575–88. doi:10.1016/S0021-8502(97)10037-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurzweil, P. 2020. Chemie. Switzerland: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-27503-7.
   Google Scholar
• Liati, A., and P. Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler. 2010. Characterization of particulate matter deposited in diesel particulate filters: Visual and analytical approach in macro-, micro- and nano-scales. Combust. Flame 157 (9):1658–70. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.02.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liati, A., P. Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler, E. Müller Gubler, D. Schreiber, and M. Aguirre. 2012. Investigation of diesel ash particulate matter: A scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope study. Atmos. Environ. 49:391–402. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messing, G. L., S.-C. Zhang, and G. V. Jayanthi. 1993. Ceramic powder synthesis by spray pyrolysis. J Am. Ceramic Soc. 76 (11):2707–26. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1993.tb04007.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemoto, S. Y. Kishi, K. Matsuura, M. Miura, S. Togawa, T. Ishikawa, T. Hashimoto, and T. Yamazaki. 2004. Impact of oil-derived ash on continuous regeneration-type diesel particulate filter – JCAPII oil WG report (SAE Technical Paper Series). SAE International400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA. doi:10.4271/2004-01-1887.
   Google Scholar
• Rönkkö, T., L. Pirjola, L. Ntziachristos, J. Heikkilä, P. Karjalainen, R. Hillamo, and J. Keskinen. 2014. Vehicle engines produce exhaust nanoparticles even when not fueled. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (3):2043–50. doi:10.1021/es405687m.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönkkö, T., A. Virtanen, J. Kannosto, J. Keskinen, M. Lappi, and L. Pirjola. 2007. Nucleation mode particles with a nonvolatile core in the exhaust of a heavy duty diesel vehicle. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (18):6384–9. doi:10.1021/es0705339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sappok, A. G. 2013. Ash accumulation in diesel particulate filters. Mississauga, Canada: DieselNET Technology Guide.
   Google Scholar
• Sappok, A. G, and V. W. Wong. 2007. Detailed chemical and physical characterization of ash species in diesel exhaust entering aftertreatment systems (SAE Technical Paper Series). SAE International400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA. doi:10.4271/2007-01-0318.
   Google Scholar
• Sappok, A., and V. W. Wong. 2010. Ash effects on diesel particulate filter pressure drop sensitivity to soot and implications for regeneration frequency and DPF control. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3 (1):380–96. doi:10.4271/2010-01-0811.
   Google Scholar
• Schwanzer, P., M. Schillinger, J. Mieslinger, S. Walter, G. Hagen, S. Märkl, G. Haft, M. Dietrich, R. Moos, M. Gaderer, et al. 2021. A synthetic ash-loading method for gasoline particulate filters with active oil injection. SAE Int. J. Engine. 14 (4):493–505. doi:10.4271/03-14-04-0029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seher, S. I., M. N. Ess, H. Bladt, R. Niessner, G. Eigenberger, and U. Nieken. 2016. A comparison of diesel soot oxidation rates measured with two different isothermal set-ups. J. Aerosol Sci. 91:94–100. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano, J. R. C. Guardiola, P. Piqueras, and E. Angiolini. 2014. Analysis of the aftertreatment sizing for pre-turbo DPF and DOC exhaust line configurations (SAE Technical Paper Series). SAE International400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA. doi:10.4271/2014-01-1498.
   Google Scholar
• Severa, L., M. Havlíček, and V. Kumbár. 2014. Temperature dependent kinematic viscosity of different types of engine oils. Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 57 (4):95–102. doi:10.11118/actaun200957040095.
   Google Scholar
• Shang, W., S. Yang, T. Xuan, Z. He, and J. Cao. 2020. Experimental studies on combustion and microexplosion characteristics of N-alkane droplets. Energy Fuel. 34 (12):16613–23. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonntag, F., and P. Eilts. 2015. Schnelle Veraschung von Partikelfiltern. MTZ Motortech. Z. 76 (12):76–83. doi:10.1007/s35146-015-0150-5.
   Google Scholar
• Zarvalis, D. S. Lorentzou, and A. G. Konstandopoulos. 2009. A Methodology for the fast evaluation of the effect of ash aging on the diesel particulate filter performance (SAE Technical Paper Series). SAE International400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA. doi:10.4271/2009-01-0630.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, H. W. Li, H. Tao, J. Li, and X. Sui. 2014. Effect of sulfated ash in lubricant on the performance and durability of diesel particulate filter (DPF) (SAE Technical Paper Series). SAE International400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA. doi:10.4271/2014-01-2796.
   Google Scholar