Characterization of an Ambient Coarse Particle Concentrator Used for Human Exposure Studies: Aerosol Size Distributions, Chemical Composition, and Concentration Enrichment

REFERENCES

• Allen , J. O. , Fergenson , D. P. , Gard , E. E. , Hughes , L. S. , Morrical , B. D. , Kleeman , M. J. , Gross , D. S. , Galli , M. E. , Prather , K. A. and Cass , G. R. 2000 . Particle Detection Efficiencies of Aerosol Time of Flight Mass Spectrometers under Ambient Sampling Conditions. . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 211 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelino , S. , Suess , D. T. and Prather , K. A. 2001 . Formation of Aerosol Particles from Reactions of Secondary and Tertiary Alkylamines: Characterization by Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 3130 – 3138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhave , P. V. , Allen , J. O. , Morrical , B. D. , Fergenson , D. P. , Cass , G. R. and Prather , K. A. 2002 . A Field-Based Approach for Determining ATOFMS Instrument Sensitivities to Ammonium and Nitrate . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 4868 – 4879 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunekreef , B. and Holgate , S. T. 2002 . Air Pollution and Health. . Lancet , 360 : 1233 – 1242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell , S. E. , Jickells , T. D. , Cape , J. N. , Rowland , A. P. and Duce , R. A. 2003 . Organic Nitrogen Deposition on Land and Coastal Environments: A Review of Methods and Data . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 2173 – 2191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demokritou , P. , Gupta , T. , Ferguson , S. and Koutrakis , P. 2003 . Development of a High-Volume Concentrated Ambient Particles System (Caps) for Human and Animal Inhalation Toxicological Studies . Inhal. Toxicol. , 15 : 111 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery , D. W. and Pope , C. A. 1994 . Acute Respiratory Effects of Particulate Air-Pollution . Ann. Rev. Pub. Health , 15 : 107 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery , D. W. , Pope , C. A. , Xu , X. P. , Spengler , J. D. , Ware , J. H. , Fay , M. E. , Ferris , B. G. and Speizer , F. E. 1993 . An Association between Air-Pollution and Mortality in 6 United-States Cities . N. Engl. J. Med. , 329 : 1753 – 1759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery , D. W. , Schwartz , J. and Spengler , J. D. 1992 . Air-Pollution and Daily Mortality—Associations with Particulates and Acid Aerosols. . Environ. Res. , 59 : 362 – 373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eatough , D. J. , Long , R. W. , Modey , W. K. and Eatough , N. L. 2003 . Semi-Volatile Secondary Organic Aerosol in Urban Atmospheres: Meeting a Measurement Challenge . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 1277 – 1292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edney , E. O. , Kleindienst , T. E. , Conver , T. S. , McIver , C. D. , Corse , E. W. and Weathers , W. S. 2003 . Polar Organic Oxygenates in PM2.5 at a Southeastern Site in the United States . Atmos, Environ. , 37 : 3947 – 3965 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlayson-Pitts , B. J. and Pitts , J. N. 2000 . Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Theory, Experiments, and Applications San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gamble , J. F. 1998 . PM2.5 and Mortality in Long-Term Prospective Cohort Studies: Cause-Effect or Statistical Associations? . Environ. Health Persp. , 106 : 535 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gard , E. , Mayer , J. E. , Morrical , B. D. , Dienes , T. , Fergenson , D. P. and Prather , K. A. 1997 . Real-Time Analysis of Individual Atmospheric Aerosol Particles: Design and Performance of a Portable ATOFMS . Anal. Chem. , 69 : 4083 – 4091 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavett , S. H. and Koren , H. S. 2001 . The Role of Particulate Matter in Exacerbation of Atopic Asthma . Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , 124 : 109 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guazzotti , S. A. , Suess , D. T. , Coffee , K. R. , Quinn , P. K. , Bates , T. S. , Wisthaler , A. , Hansel , A. , Ball , W. P. , Dickerson , R. R. , Neususs , C. , Crutzen , P. J. and Prather , K. A. 2003 . Characterization of Carbonaceous Aerosols Outflow from India and Arabia: Biomass/Biofuel Burning and Fossil Fuel Combustion. . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. , 108 : 4485 – 4499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guazzotti , S. A. , Whiteaker , J. R. , Suess , D. , Coffee , K. R. and Prather , K. A. 2001 . Real-Time Measurements of the Chemical Composition of Size-Resolved Particles during a Santa Ana Wind Episode, California, USA. . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 3229 – 3240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagerman , L. M. , Aneja , V. P. and Lonneman , W. A. 1997 . Characterization of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons in the Rural Southeast United States . Atmos. Environ , 31 : 4017 – 4038 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds , W. C. 1999 . Aerosol Technology New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , L. S. , Allen , J. O. , Bhave , P. , Kleeman , M. J. , Cass , G. R. , Liu , D. Y. , Fergenson , D. F. , Morrical , B. D. and Prather , K. A. 2000 . Evolution of Atmospheric Particles Along Trajectories Crossing the Los Angeles Basin. . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 3058 – 3068 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leikauf , G. D. 2002 . Hazardous Air Pollutants and Asthma . Environ. Health Pers. , 110 : 505 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippmann , M. 1989 . Background on Health-Effects of Acid Aerosols . Environ. Health Pers. , 79 : 3 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , D. Y. , Wenzel , R. J. and Prather , K. A. 2003 . Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry During the Atlanta Supersite Experiment: 1. Measurements. . J. Geophys. Res.—Atmos. , 108 : 8426 – 8442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monn , C. and Becker , S. 1999 . Cytotoxicity and Induction of Proinflammatory Cytokines from Human Monocytes Exposed to Fine (PM2.5) and Coarse Particles (PM10−2.5) in Outdoor and Indoor Air. . Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. , 155 : 245 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neubauer , K. R. , Johnston , M. V. and Wexler , A. S. 1997 . On-Line Analysis of Aqueous Aerosols by Laser Desorption Ionization . Int. J. Mass Spectrom. lon Proc. , 163 : 29 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Noble , C. A. and Prather , K. A. 1997 . Real-time Single Particle Monitoring of a Relative Increase in Marine Aerosol Concentration During Winter Rainstorms . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 24 : 2753 – 2756 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , A. , Dockery , D. W. , Heinrich , J. and Wichmann , H. E. 1997 . Short-Term Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on Respiratory Morbidity in Asthmatic Children . Eur. Resp. J. , 10 : 872 – 879 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , T. J. , Buol , S. W. and Weed , S. B. 1985 . Soil Saprolite Profiles Derived from Mafic Rocks in the North Carolina Piedmont: I. Chemical, Morphological and Mineralogical Characteristics and Transformations . Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 49 : 171 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Robarge , W. P. , Walker , J. T. , McCulloch , R. B. and Murray , G. 2002 . Atmospheric Concentrations of Ammonia and Ammonium at an Agricultural Site in the Southeast United States . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 1661 – 1674 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seagrave , J. , Mauderly , J. L. and Seilkop , S. K. 2003 . In Vitro Relative Toxicity Screening of Combined Particulate and Semivolatile Organic Fractions of Gasoline and Diesel Engine Emissions. . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 66 : 1113 – 1132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , P. J. , Carlin , R. A. and Prather , K. A. 2000 . Single Particle Analysis of Suspended Soil Dust from Southern California . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 1811 – 1820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , P. J. and Prather , K. A. 2000 . Chapter 6: Characterization of Individual Particles Emitted from the Charbroiling of Meat. PhD Thesis 189 – 208 . Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside .
   Google Scholar
• Song , X. H. , Hopke , P. K. , Fergenson , D. P. and Prather , K. A. 1999 . Classification of Single Particles Analyzed by ATOFMS Using an Artificial Neural Network, ART-2a . Anal. Chem. , 71 : 860 – 865 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobias , H. J. K. , Peter , M. , Docherty , K. S. and Ziemann , P. J. 2000 . Real-Time Chemical Analysis of Organic Aerosols Using a Thermal Desorption Particle Beam Mass Spectrometer. . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 33 : 170 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , J. T. , Aneja , V. P. and Dickey , D. A. 2000 . Atmospheric Transport and Wet Deposition of Ammonium in North Carolina . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 3407 – 3418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel , R. J. and Prather , K. A. 2004 . Improvements in Ion Signal Reproducibility Obtained Using a Homogeneous Laser Beam for On-Line Laser Desorption/Ionization of Single Particles. . Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. , 18 : 1525 – 1533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar