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Original Articles

Cocaine and the ‘Drug Problem’

Pages 7-17 | Published online: 17 Jan 2012

REFERENCES

  • Ritchie , J. M. , Cohen , P. J. and Dripps , R. D. 1970 . “Cocaine, Procaine, and Other Synthetic Local Anesthetics.” . In The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, , 4th Edition Edited by: Goodman and Gilman . 371 – 401 . New York : MacMillan. . Reviews of the pharmacology of cocaine can be found In, and Grollman, A. & Grollman, E.F. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 7th Edition. Pp. 403–408. (Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1970). Cocaine use in the U.S.A. today is discussed by Hopkins, J. “Cocaine: A Flash in the Pan, a Pain in the Nose.” Rolling Stone. Issue 81. (29 Apr, 1971) and by Eiswirth, N.A.; Smith, D.E. & Wesson, D.R. “Cocaine: Champagne of Uppers.” Pp. 76–84, In: Smith & Wesson (Eds.). Uppers and Downers. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1973)
  • Musto , D. F. 1973 . The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control 7 New York and London : Yale University Press. . Among the earliest American cocaine users were members of a despised and feared minority—blacks. In the United States, Mexicans and Mexican-Americans were among the first cannabis users, and Chinese and Chinese-Americans among the first opiate users. They too belonged to despised and feared minorities. American public policies toward cannabis and opiates, as well as toward cocaine, can be partly understood, as Musto suggests, as expressions of widespread attitudes toward the minorities that used those substances
  • 7 Ibid.
  • Watson , Col. J.W. 21 Jun 1903 . New York Daily Tribune. 21 Jun ,
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Musto . 43 – 44 . op. cit.
  • 44 Ibid.
  • 255 Ibid.
  • Koch , M. D. 1914 . “The Drug Endangered Nation.” . Literary Digest , 28 Mar : 687
  • Williams , E. H. 1914 . “The Drug Habit Menace in the South.” . Medical Record. , Vol. 85 ( 6 ) : 247 – 248 .
  • 247 Ibid.
  • 248 Ibid.
  • 249 Ibid.
  • Erlenmeyer , A. 1886 . “Uber Cocainsucht” (On Cocaine Addiction) . Weiner Medizinische Presse. , Vol. 27 ( 28 ) : 918 – 921 .
  • Mattison , J. B. 1892 . “Cocainism.” . Medical Record. , Vol. 42 22 Oct : 475
  • 476 Ibid.
  • Norman , C. 1892 . “A Note on Cocainism .” . Journal of Mental Science. , Vol. 38 ( 11 ) Apr : 196 – 197 .
  • Meister , W. B. 1914 . “Cocainism in the Army.” . Military Surgeon. , Vol. 34 ( 4 ) : 344
  • 345 Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Consider this remark to the American Congress in 1911 by Charles B. Towns, whose views on drugs were once widely admired by American medicine and the government: There is no drug in the Pharmacopoeia today that would produce the pleasurable sensations you would get from cannabis, no not one… (quoted by Musto, p. 217). It might not be obvious to the naive reader that Towns was attacking cannabis with this comment, not praising it
  • Bakan , D. 1965 . Sigmund Freud and the Jewish Mystical Tradition 203 New York : Schocken. .
  • 204 Ibid.
  • Harner , M. J. 1973 . Hallucinogens and Shamanism London, Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press. . The Inquisition had linked the Devil with psychoactive drugs, probably because witches, in fact, used to self-administer them. This may be one origin of these editors' rhetoric and perspective about cocaine. From the fourteenth through the seventeenth centuries at least, European witches rubbed their bodies with a hallucinogenic ointment containing such plants as A tropa belladonna, Mandragora, and henbane, whose content of atropine was absorbable through the skin, Harner gives an interesting account of witches' use of these substances on pages 125–150
  • Crowley , A. 1922 . Diary of a Drug Fiend 28 London : Collins. .
  • 50 Ibid.
  • Recently some homosexuals, especially in the United States, have been pressuring the psychiatric establishment to stop defining homosexuality as an illness. Their efforts have had some success. By contrast, users of illicit drugs have directed political efforts at changing the drug laws
  • Virtually all reports by psychiatrists that have linked mental illness with drug abuse suffer from serious sampling errors. Psychiatrists see mainly persons who are disturbed or who disturb others. Psychiatrists do not meet drug users who are not already in the patient role unless they design research to do so or meet them socially. Therefore they cannot know what similarity there is, if any, between drug users whom they see as patients and users of the same drug who do not become their patients. The same applies to physicians who were connecting cocaine and the Devil
  • Jaffe , J. H. 1970 . “Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse.” . In The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, , 4th Edition Edited by: Goodman and Gilman . 295 – 313 . New York : MacMillan. .
  • 1886 . “Cocaine and the So-Called Cocaine Habit.” . New York Medical Journal. , Vol. 44 Part (a) Anonymous
  • Ring , F. W. 1887 . “Cocaine and Its Fascinations: From a Personal Experience.” . Medical Record. , Vol. 32 ( 10 ) : 274 – 276 . Part (b). Journal
  • Szasz , T. 1971 . “The Ethics of Addiction.” . American Journal of Psychiatry. , Vol. 128 : 542 – 544 .
  • Jaffe . 293 op. cit.
  • Sroufe , L. A. and Stewart , M. A. 1973 . “Treating Problem Children with Stimulant Drugs.” . New England Journal of Medicine. , Vol. 289 ( 8 ) : 407
  • 407 Sroufe and Stewart point out also: For years clinicians and researchers have spoken of a paradoxical drug effect—that is, drugs that stimulate adults seemingly calm hyperactive children. This notion is no longer given credence, since hyperactive children are not sedated by stimulant drugs. Vigilance, persistence, and the level of free-field activity are increased by stimulant drugs. Also, whereas a reduction in motor activity has been reported in the context of task performance, this is probably an indirect effect of increased concentration
  • King , R. 1972 . The Drug Hang-Up: America's Fifty Year Folly 25 New York : Norton. .
  • Safer , D. , Allen , R. and Barr , E. 1972 . “Depression of Growth in Hyperactive Children on Stimulant Drugs.” . New England Journal of Medicine. , Vol. 287 ( 5 ) : 217 – 220 .
  • Sroufe and Stewart . 410 op. cit.
  • American Psychiatric Association . 1968 . DSM II: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, , Second Edition
  • Seidenberg , R. 1971 . “Drug Advertising and Perception of Mental Illness.” . Mental Hygiene. , Vol. 55 ( 1 ) : 22
  • 1971 . American Journal of Psychiatry , Vol. 127 ( 12 ) Jun : 24 – 25 . This advertisement, which was one of a series around the same theme, appeared, among other places, in the
  • Zinberg , N. E. and Robertson , J. A. 1972 . Drugs and the Public. 238 – 240 . New York : Simon and Schuster. .
  • 215 Ibid.
  • 90 – 92 . Ibid.
  • Risemberg , Mendizabal F. 1944 . “Accion de La Coca y de La Cocaina en Sujetos Habituados.” (The Action of Coca and Cocaine on Habituated Subjects) . Revista de Medicina Experimental. , Vol. 3 ( 4 ) : 317 – 328 .
  • Andreski , S. 1972 . Social Sciences as Sorcery 125 London : Deutsch. .

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