76
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Smoking and Pregnancy

Pages 327-338 | Published online: 19 Jan 2012

REFERENCES

  • Abel , E. L. 1982 . Smoking and Reproduction: A Comprehensive Bibliography of the World Literature. Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press. .
  • Abel , E. L. 1980 . Smoking during pregnancy: A review of effects on growth and development of offspring . Human Biology , Vol. 52 : 593 – 625 .
  • Andresen , B. D. , Ng , K. J. , lams , J. D. and Biachine , J. R. 1982 . Cotinine in amniotic fluids from passive smokers . Lancet , Vol. 1 : 791 – 792 .
  • Andrews , J. and McGarry , J. M. 1972 . A community study of smoking in pregnancy . Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the British Commonwealth , Vol. 79 : 1057 – 1073 .
  • Armitage , A. K. , Dollery , C. T. , George , C. F. , Houseman , T. H. , Lewis , P. J. and Turner , D. M. 1975 . Absorption and metabolism of nicotine from cigarettes . British Medical Journal , Vol. 4 : 313 – 316 .
  • Armitage , A. K. , Hall , G. H. and Morrison , C. F. 1968 . Pharmacological basis for the tobacco smoking habit . Nature , Vol. 217 : 331 – 334 .
  • Astrup , P. 1972 . Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke and its influence on the development of vascular diseases . Rehabilitation , Vol. 25 : 11 – 12 .
  • Bacon , F. 1626 . Sylva Sylvarum. London : William Lee. .
  • Bailey , R. R. 1970 . The effect of maternal smoking on the infant birth weight . New Zealand Medical Journal , Vol. 71 : 293 – 294 .
  • Baird , D. 1964 . The epidemiology of prematurity . Journal of Pediatrics , Vol. 65 : 909 – 924 .
  • Bisdom , C. J. W. 1937 . Alcohol en Nicotinever Giftigung Bij Zuigelinger . Maandschrift Voor Kindergeneeskunde , Vol. 6 : 332 – 341 .
  • Bosley , A. R. , Newcome , R. G. and Dauncey , M. E. 1981 . Maternal smoking and Apgar score . Lancet , Vol. 1 : 337 – 338 .
  • Boue , J. , Boue , A. and Lazar , P. 1975 . Retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies of 1500 karyotyped spontaneous human abortions . Teratology , Vol. 12 : 11 – 26 .
  • Brooks , J. E. 1937 . Tobacco, Its History Illustrated by the Books, Manuscripts and Engravings in the Library of George Arents, Jr., Together with an Introductory Essay, a Glossary, and Bibliographic Notes. Vol. 1 , New York : Rosenbach. .
  • Buncher , C. R. 1969 . Cigarette smoking and duration of pregnancy . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 103 : 942 – 946 .
  • Butler , N. R. and Goldstein , H. 1973 . Smoking in pregnancy and subsequent child development . British Medical Journal , Vol. 4 : 573 – 575 .
  • Butler , N. R. , Goldstein , H. and Ross , E. M. 1972 . Cigarette smoking in pregnancy: Its influence on birth weight and perinatal mortality . British Medical Journal , Vol. 1 : 127 – 130 .
  • Campbell , J. M. and Harrison , K. L. 1979 . Smoking and infertility . Medical Journal of Australia , Vol. 1 : 342 – 343 .
  • Card , J. P. and Mitchell , J. A. 1979 . Effects of nicotine on implantation in the rat . Biology of Reproduction , Vol. 20 : 532 – 539 .
  • Card , J. P. and Mitchell , J. A. 1978 . The effects of nicotine administration on deciduoma induction in the rat . Biology of Reproduction , Vol. 19 : 326 – 331 .
  • Christianson , R. E. 1979 . Gross differences observed in the placentas of smokers and nonsmokers . American Journal of Epidemiology , Vol. 110 : 178 – 187 .
  • Cole , P. V. , Hawkins , L. H. and Roberts , D. 1972 . Smoking during pregnancy and its effects on the fetus . Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the British Commonwealth , Vol. 79 : 782 – 787 .
  • Colley , J. R. T. 1974 . Respiratory symptoms in children and parental smoking and phlegm production . British Medical Journal , Vol. 2 : 201 – 204 .
  • Colley , J. R. T. , Holland , W. W. and Corkhill , R. T. 1974 . Influence of passive smoking and parental phlegm on pneumonia and bronchitis in early childhood . Lancet , Vol. 2 : 1031 – 1034 .
  • Comstock , G. W. and Lundin , F. E. 1967 . Parental smoking and perinatal mortality . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 98 : 708 – 718 .
  • Comstock , G. W. , Shah , F. K. , Meyer , M. B. and Abbey , H. 1971 . Low birth weight and neonatal mortality rate related to maternal smoking and socioeconomic status . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. Ill : 53 – 59 .
  • Cope , I. , Lancaster , P. and Stevens , L. 1973 . Smoking in pregnancy . Medical Journal of Australia , Vol. 1 : 673 – 677 .
  • Davies , D. P. , Gray , O. P. , Ellwood , P. C. and Abernethy , M. 1976 . Cigarette smoking in pregnancy: Association with maternal weight gain and fetal growth . Lancet , Vol. 1 : 375 – 387 .
  • Denson , R. , Nanson , J. L. and McWalters , M. A. 1975 . Hyperkinesis and maternal smoking . Canadian Psychological Association Journal , Vol. 20 : 183 – 187 .
  • Ericson , A. , Kallen , B. and Westerholm , P. 1979 . Cigarette smoking as an etiologic factor in cleft lip and palate . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 135 : 348 – 351 .
  • Fabia , J. 1973 . Cigarette pendant la grossesse, poids de naissance et mortalite perinatale . Canadian Medical Association Joumal , Vol. 109 : 1104 – 1109 .
  • Fedrick , J. , Alberman , E. D. and Goldstein , H. 1971 . Possible teratogenic effect of cigarette smoking . Nature , Vol. 231 : 529 – 530 .
  • Ferguson , B. B. , Wilson , D. J. and Schaffner , W. 1976 . Determination of nicotine concentrations in human milk . American Journal of Diseases of Children , Vol. 130 : 837 – 839 .
  • Fogelman , K. 1980 . Smoking in pregnancy and subsequent development of the child . Child Care, Health and Development , Vol. 6 : 233 – 249 .
  • Forsberg , L. , Gustavii , B. , Hojerback , T. and Olsson , A. M. 1979 . Impotence, smoking, and beta-blocking drugs . Fertility and Sterility Vol. , 31 : 589 – 591 .
  • Garn , S. M. , Hoff , K. and McCabe , D. L. 1979 . Is there nutritional mediation of the “smoking effect’ on the fetus? . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , Vol. 32 : 1181 – 1187 .
  • Garn , S. M. , Shaw , H. A. and McCabe , K. D. 1978 . Effect of maternal smoking on weight and weight gain between pregnancies . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , Vol. 31 : 1302 – 1303 .
  • Goujard , J. , Rumeau-Rouquette , C. and Schwartz , D. 1975 . Smoking during pregnancy, stillbirth and abruptio placentae . Biomedicine , Vol. 23 : 20 – 22 .
  • Hammond , E. C. 1961 . Smoking in relation to physical complaints . Archives of Environmental Health , Vol. 3 : 28 – 46 .
  • Harlap , S. and Davies , A. M. 1974 . Infant admissions to hospital and maternal smoking . Lancet , Vol. 1 : 529 – 532 .
  • Hatcher , R. A. and Crosby , H. 1927 . The elimination of nicotine in the milk . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , Vol. 32 : 1 – 6 .
  • Haworth , J. C. , Ellestad-Sayed , J. J. , King , J. and Dilling , L. A. 1980a . Fetal growth retardation in cigarette-smoking mothers is not due to decreased maternal food intake . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 137 : 719 – 723 .
  • Haworth , J. C. , Ellestad-Sayed , J. J. , King , J. and Dilling , L. A. 1980b . Relation of maternal cigarette smoking, obesity, and energy consumption in infant size . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 138 : 1195 – 1189 .
  • Herscowitz , H. B. and Cooper , R. B. 1979 . Effect of cigarette smoke exposure on maturation of the antibody response in spleens of newborn mice . Pediatric Research , Vol. 13 : 987 – 991 .
  • Himmelbcrger , D. U. , Brown , B. W. and Cohen , E. N. 1978 . Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and occurrence of spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormality . American Journal of Epidemiology , Vol. 108 : 470 – 479 .
  • Kelsey , J. L. , Dwyer , T. , Holford , T. R. and Bracken , M. B. 1978 . Maternal smoking and congenital malformations: Epidemiology study . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , Vol. 32 : 102 – 107 .
  • Klein , A. E. and Gorrod , J. W. 1978 . The metabolism of nicotine in cigarette smokers during pregnancy . European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Vol. 2 : 87 – 93 .
  • Kline , J. , Stein , Z. A. , Susser , M. and Warburton , D. 1977 . Smoking: A risk factor for spontaneous abortion . New England Journal of Medicine , Vol. 29 : 793 – 796 .
  • Krous , H. F. , Campbell , G. A. , Fowler , M. W. , Catron , A. C. and Farber , J. P. 1981 . Maternal nicotine administration and fetal brain stem damage: A rat model with implications for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 140 : 753 – 756 .
  • Krous , H. F. , Fowler , M. W. , Catron , A. and Kern , J. 1980 . Maternal nicotine administration and fetal brain stem damage: A rat model with implications for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome . Laboratory Investigation , Vol. 42 : 174
  • Kullander , S. and Kallen , B. 1971 . A prospective study of smoking and pregnancy . Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica , Vol. 50 : 83 – 94 .
  • Landauer , W. 1960 . Nicotine-induced malformations of chicken embryos and their bearing on the phenocopy problem . Journal of Experimental Zoology , Vol. 143 : 107 – 122 .
  • Larson , P. S. , Haag , M. B. and Sylvette , H. 1961 . Tobacco: Experimental and Clinical Studies. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins. .
  • Lawrence , D. R. 1968 . Clinical Pharmacology. London : J. & A. Churchill. .
  • Lewak , N. , Van Den Berg , B. and Beckwith , J. B. 1979 . Sudden Infant Death Syndrome risk factor . Clinical Pediatrics , Vol. 18 : 404 – 411 .
  • Longo , L. D. 1977 . The biological effects of carbon monoxide on the pregnant woman, fetus, and newborn infant . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 129 : 69 – 103 .
  • Lowe , C. R. 1959 . Effect of mothers' smoking habits on birth weight of their children . British Medical Journal , Vol. 673–676
  • Majewski , A. 1979 . Obraz kliniczny zatruzia nikotyna noworod-kow karmionych piersia . Wiadomosci Lekarskie , Vol. 32 : 275 – 277 .
  • Manning , F. A. and Feyerabend , C. 1976 . Cigarette smoking and fetal breathing movements . British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 83 : 262 – 270 .
  • Manning , F. A. , Wyn Pugh , E. and Boddy , K. 1975 . Effect of cigarette smoking on fetal breathing movements in normal pregnancies . British Medical Journal , Vol. 1 : 552 – 553 .
  • Martin , D. C. , Martin , J. C. , Streissguth , A. P. and Lund , C. A. 1979 . “ Sucking frequency and amplitude in newborns as a function of maternal drinking and smoking. ” . In Currents in Alcoholism. Volume 5. Biomedical Issues and Clinical Effects of Alcoholism. Edited by: Galanter , M. New York : Grune & Stratton. .
  • Martin , J. C. , Martin , D. C. , Lund , C. A. and Streissguth , A. P. 1977 . Maternal alcohol ingestion and cigarette smoking and their effects on newborn conditioning . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , Vol. 1 : 243 – 247 .
  • Martin , J. C. , Martin , D. C. , Radow , B. and Day , H. E. 1976 . Growth, development and activity in rat offspring following maternal drug exposure . Experimental Aging Research , Vol. 2 : 235 – 251 .
  • McGarry , J. M. and Andrews , J. 1972 . Smoking in pregnancy and vitamin B12 metabolism . British Medical Journal , Vol. 2 : 74 – 77 .
  • McKean , H. E. 1978 . Smoking and abortion . New England Journal of Medicine , Vol. 298 : 113 – 114 .
  • Meberg , A. , Sande , I. I. , Foss , O. P. and Stenwig , J. T. 1979 . Smoking during pregnancy – effects on the fetus and on thiocyanate levels in mother and baby . Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica , Vol. 68 : 547 – 552 .
  • Menges , R. W. , Selby , L. A. , Marienfeld , C. J. , Aue , A. and Greer , D. L. 1970 . A tobacco-related epidemic of congenital limb deformities in swine . Environmental Research , Vol. 3 : 285 – 302 .
  • Meredith , H. V. 1975 . Relation between tobacco smoking of pregnant women and body size of their progeny: A compilation and synthesis of published studies . Human Biology , Vol. 47 : 451 – 472 .
  • Meyer , M. B. and Tonascia , J. A. 1977 . Maternal smoking, pregnancy complications and perinatal mortality . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 128 : 494 – 502 .
  • Meyer , M. B. , Tonascia , J. A. and Buck , C. 1974 . The interrelationship of maternal smoking and increased perinatal mortality with other risk factors: Further analysis of the Ontario perinatal study, 1960–1961 . American Journal of Epidemiology , Vol. 100 : 443 – 452 .
  • Mgalobelli , M. 1931 . Einfluss der Arbeit in der Tabakindustrie auf die Geschlechtssphare der Arbeiterin . Monatsschrift der Geburtshilfe und Gynakologie , Vol. 88 : 237 – 247 .
  • Mosier , H. D. and Jansons , R. A. 1972 . Distribution and fate of nicotine in the rat fetus . Teratology , Vol. 6 : 303 – 311 .
  • Naeye , R. L. 1980 . Abruptio placentae and placenta previa: Frequency, perinatal mortality, and cigarette smoking . Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 55 : 701 – 704 .
  • Naeye , R. L. , Ladis , B. and Drage , J. S. 1976 . Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A prospective study . American Journal of Diseases of Children , Vol. 130 : 1207 – 1210 .
  • Neutel , C. I. and Buck , C. 1971 . Effect of smoking during pregnancy on the risk of cancer in children . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , Vol. 47 : 59 – 63 .
  • Nichols , P. L . Minimal brain dysfunction associated with perinatal complications . Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development . New Orleans .
  • Nicolov , I. and Chernozemski , I. 1979 . Tumors and hyperplastic lesions in Syrian hamsters following transplacental and neonatal treatment with cigarette smoke condensate . Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology , Vol. 94 : 249 – 256 .
  • Niswander , K. R. and Gordon , M. 1972 . “ Cigarette smoking. ” . In The Women and Their Pregnancies: The Collaborative Perinatal Study of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke. Edited by: Niswander , K. R. and Gordon , M. Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders. .
  • Nymand , G. 1974 . Maternal smoking and immunity . Lancet , Vol. 2 : 1379 – 1380 .
  • Papoz , L. , Eschwege , E. , Pequignot , G. , Barrat , J. and Schwartz , D. 1982 . Maternal smoking and birth weight in relation to dietary habits . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 142 : 870 – 876 .
  • Perraudin , M. L. and Sorin , M. 1978 . Intoxication probable d'un nouveau-ne par la nicotine presente dans le lait de sa mere . Annales de Pediatrie , Vol. 25 : 41 – 44 .
  • Perrson , P. K. , Grennert , L. , Gennser , G. and Kullanderp , S. 1978 . A study of smoking and pregnancy with special reference to fetal growth . Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica , Vol. 78 : 33 – 39 .
  • Peterson , W. F. , Morese , K. N. and Kaltreider , D. F. 1965 . Smoking and prematurity: A preliminary report based on study of 7,740 Caucasians . Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 26 : 775 – 780 .
  • Pettersson , F. , Fries , H. and Nillius , S. J. 1973 . Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhea. I. Incidence and prevalence rates . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 117 : 80 – 86 .
  • Pettigrew , A. R. , Logan , R. W. and Willocks , J. 1977 . Smoking in pregnancy – effects on birth weight and on cyanide and thiocyanate levels in mother and baby . British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 84 : 31 – 34 .
  • Phillips , L. G. 1943 . Cigarette smoking as a factor in sterility . Hawaii Medical Journal , Vol. 2 : 249
  • Rantakallio , P. 1978a . The effect of maternal smoking on birth weight and the subsequent health of the child . Early Human Development , Vol. 2 : 371 – 382 .
  • Rantakallio , P. 1978b . Relationship of maternal smoking to morbidity and mortality of the child up to the age of five . Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica , Vol. 67 : 621 – 631 .
  • Resnik , R. , Brink , G. W. and Wilkes , M. 1979 . Catecholamine-mediated reduction in uterine blood flow after nicotine infusion in the pregnant ewe . Journal of Clinical Investigation , Vol. 63 : 1113 – 1136 .
  • Rush , D. Examination of the relationship between birth weight and cigarette smoking during pregnancy and maternal weight gain . Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the British Commonwealth , Vol. 81 746 – 752 .
  • Rush , D. and Kass , E. H. 1972 . Maternal smoking: A reassessment of the association with perinatal mortality . American Journal of Epidemiology , Vol. 96 : 183 – 196 .
  • Russell , C. S. , Taylor , R. and Law , C. E. 1968 . Smoking in pregnancy, maternal blood pressure, pregnancy outcome, baby weight, and growth and other factors: A prospective study . British Journal of Preventive Social Medicine , Vol. 22 : 119 – 126 .
  • Savel , L. E. and Roth , E. 1962 . Effects of smoking in pregnancy: A continuing retrospective study . Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 20 : 313 – 316 .
  • Saxton , D. W. 1978 . The behavior of infants whose mothers smoke in pregnancy . Early Human Development , Vol. 1 : 363 – 369 .
  • Schirren , C. 1972 . Die Wirkung des Nikotins auf die Aeugungs-fahigkeit des Mannes . RehabilitationPraventivmedizin, Physikalische Medizin, Sozialmedizin , Vol. 1 : 363 – 369 .
  • Schirren , C. 1970 . Die Kinderlose Ehe: Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Behandlung aus Andrologishcer Sicht . Forschritte der Medizin , Vol. 88 : 1047 – 1051 .
  • Schwartz , D. , Goujard , J. , Kaminski , M. and Rumeau-Rouquette , C. 1972 . Smoking and pregnancy: Results of a prospective study of 6,989 women . Revue des European Etudes de Clinical Biology , Vol. 17 : 867 – 879 .
  • Sieber , S. M. and Fabro , S. 1971 . Identification of drugs in the preimplantation blastocyst and in the plasma, uterine secretion and urine of the pregnant rabbit . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , Vol. 178 : 65 – 75 .
  • Simpson , W. J. 1957 . A preliminary report of cigarette smoking and the incidence of prematurity . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 73 : 80S – 815 .
  • Sontag , L. W. and Wallace , R. F. 1935 . The effect of cigarette smoking during pregnancy upon the fetal heart rate . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 29 : 77 – 83 .
  • Spira , A. , Phillipee , E. , Spira , N. , Dreyfus , J. and Schwartz , D. 1977 . Smoking during pregnancy and placental pathology . Biomedicine , Vol. 27 : 266 – 270 .
  • Starko , G. C. 1980 . Correlation of meconium-stained amniotic fluid, early intrapartum pH, and Apgar scores as predictors of prenatal outcome . Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 56 : 604 – 609 .
  • Suzuki , K. , Minei , L. J. and Johnson , E. 1980 . Effect of nicotine on uterine blood flow in the pregnant rhesus monkey . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 136 : 1009 – 1013 .
  • Thompson , W. B. 1933 . Nicotine in breast milk . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 26 : 662 – 667 .
  • Tjalve , H. , Hansson , E. and Schmiterlow , C. G. 1968 . Passage of 14C-nicotine and its metabolites into mice foetuses and placentae . Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica , Vol. 26 : 539 – 545 .
  • Todd , G. F. 1978 . Cigarette consumption per adult of each sex in various countries . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , Vol. 32 : 289 – 293 .
  • Tokuhata , G. 1968 . Smoking in relation to infertility and fetal loss . Archives of Environmental Health , Vol. 17 : 353 – 359 .
  • Underwood , P. , Hester , L. L. , Laffitte , T. and Gregg , K. V. 1965 . The relationship of smoking to the outcome of pregnancy . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 91 : 270 – 276 .
  • Public U.S. Health Service . 1980 . The Health Consequences of Smoking for Women. A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville , Maryland : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Smoking and Health. .
  • Public U.S. Health Service . 1979 . Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington , D.C. : U.S. GPO. . DHEW Publication No. (CDC) 76–8704
  • Van Vunakis , H. , Langone , J. J. and Milunsky , A. 1974 . Nicotine and cotinine in the amniotic fluid of smokers in the second trimester of pregnancy . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 120 : 64 – 66 .
  • Vessey , M. P. , Wright , N. H. , McPherson , K. and Wiggins , P. 1978 . Fertility after stopping different methods of contraception . British Medical Journal Vol. , 1 : 265 – 267 .
  • Viczian , M. 1968 . The effect of cigarette smoke inhalation on spermatogenesis in rats . Experientia , Vol. 25 : 511 – 512 .
  • Warren , K. E. 1978 . Possible increases in the underreporting of cigarette consumption . Journal of the American Statistics Association , Vol. 73 : 314 – 318 .
  • Wilson , E. W. 1972 . The effect of smoking in pregnancy on the placental coefficient . New Zealand Medical Journal , Vol. 74 : 384
  • Wingerd , J. and Schoen , E. J. 1974 . Factors influencing length at birth and height at five years . Pediatrics , Vol. 53 : 737 – 741 .
  • Yerushalmy , J. 1964 . Mother's cigarette smoking and survival of infant . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 88 : 50 – 68 .
  • Yeung , D. L. , Pennell , M. D. , Leung , M. and Hall , J. 1981 . Effects of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy on birth size, growth of infants and infant feeding practices . Nutritional Report International , Vol. 23 : 887 – 900 .
  • Yoshinaga , K. , Rice , C. , Krenn , J. and Pilot , R. L. 1979 . Effects of nicotine on early pregnancy in the rat . Biological Reproduction , Vol. 20 : 294 – 303 .
  • Zabriskie , J. R. 1963 . Effect of cigarette smoking during pregnancy . Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 21 : 405 – 411 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.