Effects of High-Dose Heroin versus Morphine in Intravenous Drug Users: A Randomised Double-Blind Crossover Study

REFERENCES

• Bromage , P. R. , Camporesi , E. M. , Durant , P. A. and Nielsen , C. H. 1982a . Nonrespiratory side effects of epidural morphine . Anesthesia and Analgesia , 61 ( 6 ) : 490 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromage , P. R. , Camporesi , E. M. , Durant , P. A. and Nielsen , C. H. 1982b . Rostral spread of epidural morphine . Anesthesiology , 56 ( 6 ) : 431 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruera , E. , Macmillan , K. , Selmser , P. and MacDonald , R. N. 1990 . Decreased local toxicity with subcutaneous diamorphine (heroin): A preliminary report . Pain , 43 ( 1 ) : 91 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dundee , J. W. , Loan , W. B. and Clarke , R. S. 1966 . Studies of drugs given before anesthesia. XI. Diamorphine (heroin) and morphine . British Journal of Anesthesia , 38 ( 8 ) : 610 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haemmig , R. B. 1997 . “ Koda-1 in Bern: Medical Aspects. ” . In Stage 2 Working Papers, Feasibility Research into the Controlled Availability of Opioids. Edited by: Bammer , G. Canberra : National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health. . Working Paper 52
   Google Scholar
• Haemmig , R. B. 1995 . Harm reduction in Bern: From outreach to heroin maintenance . Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine , 72 ( 2 ) : 371 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haemmig , R. B. , Buerki , C. M. , Minder Nejedly , M. and Malinvemi , R. 1998 . Monitoring HIV risk behaviours in a street agency with safe injecting room in Switzerland Unpublished observations
   Google Scholar
• Hanks , G. W. , Twycross , R. G. and Lloyd , J. W. 1981 . Unexpected complication of successful nerve block: Morphine induced respiratory depression precipitated by removal of severe pain . Anaesthesia , : 37 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartnoll , R. L. , Mitcheson , M. C. , Battersby , A. , Brown , G. , Ellis , M. , Fleming , P. and Hedley , N. 1980 . Evaluation of heroin maintenance in controlled trial . Archives of General Psychiatry , 37 ( 8 ) : 877 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubner , C. B. and Kometsky , C. 1992 . Heroin, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine effects on threshold for rewarding and aversive brain stimulation . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 260 ( 2 ) : 562 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasinski , D. R. and Preston , K. L. 1986 . Comparison of intravenously administered methadone, morphine and heroin . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 17 ( 4 ) : 301 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiko , R. F. , Wallenstein , S. L. , Rogers , A. G. , Grabinski , P. Y. and Houde , R. W. 1981 . Analgesic and mood effects of heroin and morphine in cancer patients with postoperative pain . New England Journal of Medicine , 304 ( 25 ) : 1501 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasagna , L. , von Felsinger , J. M. and Beecher , H. K. 1955 . Drug-induced mood changes in man. 1. Observations on healthy subjects, chronically ill patients, and “postaddicts.” . Journal of the American Medical Association , 157 ( 12 ) : 1006 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , W. R. and Fraser , H. F. 1961 . A comparative study of physiological and subjective effects of heroin and morphine administered intravenously in postaddicts . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 133 : 388 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldovanyi , A. , Ladewig , D. , Affentranger , P. , Natsch , C. and Stohler , R. 1996 . Morphine maintenance treatment of opioid-dependent outpatients . European Addiction Research , 2 ( 4 ) : 208 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Morrison , L. M. , Payne , M. and Drummond , G. B. 1991 . Comparison of speed of onset of analgesic effect of diamorphine and morphine . British Journal of Anesthesia , 66 ( 6 ) : 656 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry , A. 1992 . Taking heroin maintenance seriously: The politics of tolerance . Lancet , 339 : 350 – 1 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , S. L. , Rowbotham , D. J. and Smith , G. 1991 . Morphine compared with diamorphine: A comparison of dose requirements and side-effects after hip surgery . Anaesthesia , 46 ( 7 ) : 538 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , M. E. and Orr , R. 1969 . Effects of diamorphine, methadone. morphine, and pentazocine in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction . Lancet , 1 ( 7605 ) : 1065 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sniith , G. M. and Beecher , H. K. 1962 . Subjective effects of heroin and morphine in normal subjects . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 136 : 47 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , G. M. , Semke , C. W. and Beecher , H. K. 1962 . Objective evidence of mental effects of heroin, morphine and placebo in normal subjects . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 136 : 53 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , J. D. , Braithwaite , P. , Corke , C. F. , Madej , T. H. and Wheatley , R. G. 1991 . Double-blind comparison of epidural diamorphine and intramuscular morphine after elective caesarean section, with computerised analysis of continuous pulse oximetry . Anaesthesia , 46 ( 4 ) : 256 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twycross , R. G. 1977 . Choice of strong analgesic in terminal cancer Diamorphine or morphine? . Pain , 3 ( 2 ) : 93 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchtenhagen , A. , Dobler-Mikola , A. and Gutzwiller , F. 1996 . Medical prescription of narcotics: Background and intermediate results of a Swiss project . European Addsiction Research , 2 ( 4 ) : 201 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Uchtenhagen , A. , Dobler-Mikola , A. , Steffen , T. , Gutzwiller , F. , Blaettler , R. and Pfeifer , S. 1999 . “ Prescription of narcotics for heroin addicts. Main results of the Swiss National Cohort Study. ” . In Medical Prescription of Narcotics. Edited by: Uchtenhagen , A. , Gutzwiller , F. , Dobler-Mikola , A. , Steffen , T. and Rihs-Middel , M. Vol. 1 , Basel : Karger. .
   Google Scholar
• von Felsinger , J. M. , Lasagna , L. and Beecher , H. K. 1955 . Drug-induced mood changes in man. 2. Personality and reactions to drugs . Journal of the American Medical Association , 157 ( 13 ) : 1113 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , J. , Moore , A. , McQuay , H. , Teddy , P. , Baldwin , D. , Allen , M. and Bullingham , R. 1984 . Plasma morphine concentrations and analgesic effects of lumbar extradural morphine and heroin . Anesthesia and Analgesia , 63 ( 7 ) : 629 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withington , D. E. , Patrick , J. A. and Reynolds , F. 1993 . Histamine release by morphine and diamorphine in man . Anaesthesia , 48 ( 1 ) : 26 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaks , A. M. , Bruner , A. , Fink , M. and Freedman , A. M. 1969 . Intravenous diacetylmorphine (heroin) in studies of opiate dependence . Diseases of the Nervous System , 30 ( 2 ) : 89 – 92 . Suppl
   PubMedGoogle Scholar