Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) Withdrawal: A Case Report

REFERENCES

• Addolorato , G. , Castelli , E. , Stefanini , G. F. , Casella , G. , Caputo , F. , Marsigli , L. , Bernardi , M. and Gasbarrini , G. 1996 . An open multicentric study evaluating 4-hydroxybutyric acid sodium salt in the medium-term treatment of 179 alcohol dependent subjects. GHB Study Group . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 31 ( 4 ) : 341 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 2005 . GHB-sense and sociability [letter] . Lancet , 365 ( 9477 ) : 2146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew , G. and Fernando , A. 2004 . Epileptic seizure in GHB withdrawal . Australas Psychiatry , 12 ( 4 ) : 410 – 11 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craig , K. , Gomez , H. F. , McManus , J. L. and Bania , T. C. 2000 . Severe gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal: A case report and literature review . Journal of Emergency Medicine , 18 ( 1 ) : 65 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Souza , D. C. , Gil , R. B. , Zuzarte , E. , MacDougall , L. M. , Donahue , L. , Ebersole , J. S. , Boutros , N. N. , Cooper , T. , Seibyl , J. and Krystal , J. H. 2006 . Gamma-aminobutyric acid-serotonin interactions in healthy men: Implications for network models of psychosis and dissociation . Biological Psychiatry , 59 ( 2 ) : 128 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller , D. E. , Hornfeldt , C. S. , Kelloway , J. S. , Stahl , P. J. and Anderson , T. F. 2004 . The Xyrem risk management program . Drug Safety , 27 ( 5 ) : 293 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallimberti , L. , Spella , M. R. , Soncini , C. A. and Gessa , G. L. 2000 . Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol and heroin dependence . Alcohol , 20 ( 3 ) : 257 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galloway , G. P. , Frederick , S. L. , Staggers , F. E. , Gonzales , M. , Stalcup , S. A. and Smith , D. E. 1997 . Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence . Addiction , 92 ( 1 ) : 89 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez , M. , McDaniel , C. H. , Costanza , C. D. and Hernandez , O. J. 1998 . GHB-induced delirium: A case report and review of the literature of gamma hydroxybutyric acid . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 24 ( 1 ) : 179 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lettieri , J. T. and Fung , H. 1978 . Evaluation and development of gas chromatographic procedures for the determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and gamma-butyrolactone in plasma . Biochemical Medicine , 20 ( 1 ) : 70 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , P. E. and Kerns , W. P. 2002 . Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) intoxication . Academic Emergency Medicine , 9 ( 7 ) : 730 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonough , M. , KeMedy , N. , Glasper , A. and Bearn , J. 2004 . Clinical features and management of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) withdrawal: A review . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 75 ( 1 ) : 3 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medical Letter . 1991 . Gamma hydroxybutyrate poisoning . Medical letter on Drugs and Therapeutics , 33 ( 836 ) : 8
   Google Scholar
• Miglani , J. S. , Kim , K. Y. and Chahil , R. 2000 . Gamma-hydroxy butyrate withdrawal delirium: A case report . General Hospital Psychiatry , 22 ( 3 ) : 213 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miotto , K. , Darakjian , J. , Basch , J. , Murray , S. , Zogg , J. and Rawson , R. 2001 . Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: patterns of use, effects and withdrawal . American Journal on Addictions , 10 ( 3 ) : 232 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson , K. L. and Balster , R. L. 2001 . GHB: A new and novel drug of abuse . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 63 ( 1 ) : 1 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneir , A. B. , Ly , B. T. and Clark , R. F. 2001 . A case of withdrawal from the GHB precursors gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol . Journal of Emergency Medicine , 21 ( 1 ) : 31 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , R. H. 1998 . Gamma-hydroxy butyrate . American Family Physician , 57 ( 9 ) : 2078 81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivilotti , M. L. , Burs , M. J. , Aaron , C. K. and Greenberg , M. J. 2001 . Pentobarbital for severe gamma-butyrolactone withdrawal . Annals of Emergency Medicine , 38 ( 6 ) : 660 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cauter , E. , Latta , F. , Nedeltcheva , A. , Spiegel , K. , Leproult , R. , Vandenbril , C. , Weiss , R , Mockel , J. , Legros , J. J. and Copinschi , G. 2004 . Reciprocal interactions between the GH axis and sleep . Growth Hormone & IGF Research , 14 ( Suppl A ) : S10 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , C. G. , Gibson , K. M. and Snead , O. C. 2004 . From the street to the brain: Neurobiology of the recreational drug gamma-hydroxybutyric acid . Trends in Pharmacological Science , 25 ( 1 ) : 29 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvosec , D. L. and Smith , S. W. 2005 . Agitation is common in gamma-hydroxybutyrate toxicity . American Journal of Emergency Medicine , 23 ( 3 ) : 316 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar