Mindfulness Training Modifies Cognitive, Affective, and Physiological Mechanisms Implicated in Alcohol Dependence: Results of a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

REFERENCES

• Baer , R. A. and Krietemeyer , J. 2006 . “ Overview of mindfulness- and acceptance-based treatment approaches. ” . In Mindfulness-Based Treatment Approaches: Clinician's Guide to Evidence Base and Applications. Edited by: Baer , R. A. Boston, MA : Elsevier. .
   Google Scholar
• Baer , R. A. , Smith , G. T. , Hopkins , J. , Krietemeyer , J. and Toney , L. 2006 . Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness . Assessment , 13 ( 1 ) : 27 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor , T. F. , Higgins-Biddle , C. , Saunders , J. B. and Monteiro , M. G. 2001 . The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. , Second Ed. Geneva : World Health Organization. .
   Google Scholar
• Borkovec , T. and Nau , S. 1972 . Credibility of analogue therapy rationales . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 3 ( 4 ) : 257 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen , S. , Witkiewitz , K. , Dillworth , T. M. and Marlatt , G. A. 2007 . The role of thought suppression in the relationship between mindfulness meditation and alcohol use . Addictive Behavior , 32 : 2324 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen , S. , Witkiewitz , K. , Dillworth , T. M. , Chawla , N. , Simpson , T. L. , Ostafin , B. , Larimer , M. E. , Blume , A. W. , Parks , G. A. and Marlatt , G. A. 2006 . Mindfulness meditation and substance use in an incarcerated population . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 20 : 343 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , E. A. , Wilhelm , F. H. and Gross , J. J. 2006 . Respiratory sinus arrhythmia. emotion, and emotion regulation during social interaction . Psychophysiology , 43 ( 6 ) : 612 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , B. L. and Tiffany , S. T. 1999 . Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research . Addiction , 94 ( 3 ) : 327 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christenfeld , N. and Gerin , W. 2000 . Social support and cardiovascular reactivity . Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy , 54 ( 5 ) : 251 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. , Kamarck , T. and Mermelstein , R. 1983 . A global measure of perceived stress . Journal of Health. Society, and Behavior , 24 ( 4 ) : 385 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , D. A. , Grant , B. F. and Ruan , W. J. 2005 . The association between stress and drinking: Modifying effects of gender and vulnerability . Alcohol & Alcoholism , 40 ( 5 ) : 453 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , D. A. , Grant , B. F. , Stinson , F. S. , Chou , P. S. , Huang , B. and Ruan , W. J. 2005 . Recovery from DSM-IV alcohol dependence: United States. 2001–2002 . Addiction , 100 ( 3 ) : 281 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt , L. , Hall , W. , Korten , A. and Jablensky , A. 2005 . Use of a Brief Screening Instrument for Psychosis: Results of an ROC Analysis. New South Wales, , Australia : National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. . NDARC Technical Report No. 210.
   Google Scholar
• Deikman , A. J. 1966 . Deautomatization and the mystic experience . Psychiatry , 29 : 324 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denver , J. W. , Reed , S. F. and Porges , S. W. 2007 . Methodological issues in the quantification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia . Biological Psychology , 74 ( 2 ) : 286 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis , L. R. and Melisaratos , N. 1983 . The Brief Symptom Inventory: An introductory report . Psychological Medicine , 13 ( 3 ) : 595 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , M. and Cox , W. M. 2008 . Attentional bias in addictive behaviors: A review of its development. causes, and consequences . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 97 ( 1–2 ) : 1 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , M. and Powell , H. 2007 . Stress increases attentional bias for alcohol cues in social drinkers who drink to cope . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 42 ( 6 ) : 560 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , M. and Eastwood , B. 2005 . Experimental manipulation of attentional bias increases the motivation to drink alcohol . Psychopharmacology (Berlin) , 183 ( 3 ) : 350 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , M. , Mogg , K. , Zetteler , J. and Bradley , B. P. 2004 . Attentional biases for alcohol cues in heavy and light social drinkers: The roles of initial orienting and maintained attention . Psychopharmacology (Berlin) , 176 ( 1 ) : 88 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flannery , B. A. , Roberts , A. J. , Cooney , N. , Swift , R. M. , Anton , R. F. and Rohsenow , D. J. 2001 . The role of craving in alcohol use, dependence, and treatment . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 25 ( 2 ) : 299 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland , E. L. 2007 . The meaning of mindfulness: A second-order cybernetics of stress, metacognition, and coping . Complementary Health Practice Review , 12 ( 1 ) : 15 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Garland , E. L. , Boettiger , C. A. and Howard , M. O. Under review, Targeting cognitive-affective risk mechanisms in stress-precipitated alcohol dependence: An integrated, biopsychosocial model
   Google Scholar
• Garland , E. L. , Boettiger , C. A. , Gaylord , S. A. , West Chanon , V. M. and Howard , M. O. “ Under review. ” . In Mindfulness is inversely associated with alcohol attentional bias among recovering alcohol-dependent adults
   Google Scholar
• Garland , E. L. , Fredrickson , B. L. , Kring , A. M. , Johnson , D. P. , Meyer , P. S. and Penn , D. L. Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology . Clinical Psychology Review. , In press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greeson , J. M. 2009 . Mindfulness research update: 2008 . Complementary Health Practice Review , 14 ( 1 ) : 10 – 18 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gross , J. J. 2002 . Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences . Psychophysiology , 39 ( 3 ) : 281 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. and Levenson , R. W. 1993 . Emotional suppression: Physiology. self-report, and expressive behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 ( 6 ) : 970 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman , P. and Taylor , E. W. 2007 . Toward understanding respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Relations to cardiac vagal tone, evolution and biobehavioral functions . Biological Psychology , 74 ( 2 ) : 263 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman , P. , Niemann , L. , Schmidt , S. and Walach , H. 2004 . Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 57 ( 1 ) : 35 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guardia , J. , Trujols , J. , Burguete , T. , Luquero , E. and Cardus , M. 2007 . Impaired response inhibition scale for alcoholism (IRISA): Development and psychometric properties of a new scale for abstinence-oriented treatment of alcoholism . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 31 ( 2 ) : 269 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , A. L. , Johnsen , B. H. and Thayer , J. F. 2003 . Vagal influence on working memory and attention . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 48 ( 3 ) : 263 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingjaldsson , J. T. , Laberg , J. C. and Thayer , J. F. 2003 . Reduced heart rate variability in chronic alcohol abuse: Relationship with negative mood, chronic thought suppression, and compulsive drinking . Biological Psychiatry , 54 ( 12 ) : 1427 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha , A. , Krompinger , J. and Baime , M. 2007 . Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention . Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience , 7 ( 2 ) : 109 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key , B. L. , Campbell , T. S. , Bacon , S. L. and Gerin , W. 2008 . The influence of trait and state rumination on cardiovascular recovery from a negative emotional stressor . Journal of Behavior Medicine , 31 ( 3 ) : 237 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihlstrom , J. F. 1987 . The cognitive unconscious . Science , 237 ( 4821 ) : 1445 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob , G. F. 2003 . Alcoholism: Allostasis and beyond . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 27 ( 2 ) : 232 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman , M. D. 2003 . “ Reflective and reflexive judgment processes: A social cognitive neuroscience approach. ” . In Social Judgments: Implicit and Explicit Processes. Edited by: Forgas , J. P. , Williams , K. and Hippel , W. V. New York : Cambridge University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd , D. A. and Turner , R. J. 2008 . Cumulative lifetime adversities and alcohol dependence in adolescence and young adulthood . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 93 ( 3 ) : 217 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig , D. S. and Kabat-Zinn , J. 2008 . Mindfulness in medicine . Journal of the American Medical Association , 300 ( 11 ) : 1350 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz , A. , Slagter , H. A. , Dunne , J. D. and Davidson , R. J. 2008 . Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 12 ( 4 ) : 163 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , C. , Mathews , A. and Tata , P. 1986 . Attentional biases in emotional disorders . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 95 : 15 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus , M. T. , Fine , M. and Kouzekanani , K. 2001 . Mindfulness-based meditation in a therapeutic community . Journal of Substance Use , 5 : 303 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Marcus , M. T. , Fine , M. , Moeller , G. , Khan , M. M. , Pitts , K. , Swank , P. R. and Liehr , P. 2003 . Change in stress levels following mindfulness-based stress reduction in a therapeutic community . Addictive Disorders and their Treatment , 2 : 63 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Monti , P. M. , Rohsenow , D. J. and Hutchison , K. E. 2000 . Toward bridging the gap between biological, psychobiological and psychosocial models of alcohol craving . Addiction , 95 ( Supplement 2 ) : S229 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraven , M. and Shmueli , D. 2006 . The self-control costs of fighting the temptation to drink . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 20 ( 2 ) : 154 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraven , M. , Collins , R. L. and Nienhaus , K. 2002 . Self-control and alcohol restraint: An initial application of the self-control strength model . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 16 ( 2 ) : 113 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noel , X. , Colmant , M. , Van Der Linden , M. , Bechara , A. , Bullens , Q. , Hanak , C. and Verbanck , P. 2006 . Time course of attention for alcohol cues in abstinent alcoholic patients: The role of initial orienting . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 30 ( 11 ) : 1871 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palfai , T. P. , Monti , P. M. , Colby , S. M. and Rohsenow , D. J. 1997 . Effects of suppressing the urge to drink on the accessibility of alcohol outcome expectancies . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 35 ( 1 ) : 59 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peressutti , C. , Martin-Gonzalez , J. M. , Garcia-Manso , J and Mesa , D. 2009 . Heart rate dynamics in different levels of Zen meditation . International Journal of Cardiology. , [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdon , C. 1999 . Thought suppression and psychopathology . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 37 ( 11 ) : 1029 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawson , R. and McCann , M. J. 2006 . Counselor's Treatment Manual: Matrix Intensive Outpatient Treatment for People With Stimulant Use Disorders. Rockville, MD : CSAT. .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , C. 2003 . Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice. Implications, and Theory. New York : Constable. .
   Google Scholar
• Rohsenow , D. J. , Monti , P. M. , Rubonis , A. V. , Sirota , A. D. , Niaura , R. S. , Colby , S. M. , Wunschel , S. M. , Munroe , S. and Abrams , D. B. 1994 . Cue reactivity as a predictor of drinking among male alcoholics . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 ( 3 ) : 620 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder , K. E. and Perrine , M. W. 2007 . Covariations of emotional states and alcohol consumption: Evidence from 2 years of daily data collection . Social Science & Medicine , 65 ( 12 ) : 2588 – 2602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal , Z. , Williams , J. M. and Teasdale , J. D. 2002 . Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression. New York : Guilford Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Segerstrom , S. C. and Nes , L. S. 2007 . Heart rate variability reflects self-regulatory strength, effort, and fatigue . Psychological Science , 18 ( 3 ) : 275 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha , R. 2007 . The role of stress in addiction relapse . Current Psychiatry Reports , 9 ( 5 ) : 388 – 95 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skinner , H. A. 1982 . The Drug Abuse Screening Test . Addictive Behaviors , 7 ( 4 ) : 363 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stormark , K. M. , Field , N. P. , Hugdahl , K. and Horowitz , M. 1997 . Selective processing of visual alcohol cues in abstinent alcoholics: an approach-avoidance conflict? . Addictive Behaviors , 22 ( 4 ) : 509 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang , Y. Y. , Ma , Y. , Fan , Y. , Feng , H. , Wang , J. , Feng , S. , Lu , Q. , Hu , B. , Lin , Y. , Li , J. , Zhang , Y. , Wang , Y. , Zhou , L. and Fan , M. 2009 . Central and autonomic nervous system interaction is altered by short-term meditation . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 106 ( 22 ) : 8865 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer , J. F. and Lane , R. D. 2009 . Claude Bernard and the heart-brain connection: Further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 33 ( 2 ) : 81 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer , J. F. and Lane , R. D. 2000 . A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation . Journal of Affective Disorders , 61 ( 3 ) : 201 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiffany , S. T. 1990 . A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes . Psychological Review , 97 ( 2 ) : 147 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiffany , S. T. , Carter , B. L. and Singleton , E. G. 2000 . Challenges in the manipulation, assessment and interpretation of craving relevant variables . Addiction , 95 ( Supplement 2 ) : S177 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townshend , J. M. and Duka , T. 2007 . Avoidance of alcohol-related stimuli in alcohol-dependent inpatients . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 31 ( 8 ) : 1349 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. and Zanakos , S. 1994 . Chronic thought suppression . Journal of Personality , 62 ( 4 ) : 616 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. , Schneider , D. J. , Carter , S. R. and White , T. L. 1987 . Paradoxical effects of thought suppression . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 ( 1 ) : 5 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenk-Sormaz , H. 2005 . Meditation can reduce habitual responding . Alternative Therapies: Health and Medicine , 11 ( 2 ) : 42 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff , R. M. and Wegner , D. M. 2000 . Thought suppression . Annual Review of Psychology , 51 : 59 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdez , G. R. and Koob , G. F. 2004 . Allostasis and dysregulation of corticotropin-releasing factor and neuropeptide Y systems: Implications for the development of alcoholism . Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior , 79 ( 4 ) : 671 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgierska , A. , Rabago , D. , Zuelsdorff , M. , Coe , C. , Miller , M. and Fleming , M. 2008 . Mindfulness meditation for alcohol relapse prevention: A feasibility pilot study . Journal of Addiction Medicine , 2 ( 3 ) : 165 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar