6,213
Views
142
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Behavioral Addictions: An Overview

&
Pages 5-17 | Published online: 07 Mar 2012

REFERENCES

  • Alcock , J. 2005 . Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach , Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates .
  • Allison , S.E. , con Wahlde , L. , Shockley , T. and Gabbard , G.O. 2006 . The development of the self in the era of the Internet and role-playing fantasy games . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 381 – 85 .
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA) . 2000 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth, Text Rev , Washington , DC : APA .
  • American Psychiatric Association DSM-5 Development. 2010. Hypersexual Disorder. http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=415 (http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=415)
  • Appolinario , J.C. and McElroy , S.L. 2004 . Pharmacological approaches in the treatment of binge eating disorder . Current Drug Targets , 5 ( 3 ) : 301 – 07 .
  • Bassareo , V. and Di Chiara , G. 1999 . Modulation of feeding-induced activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by appetitive stimuli and its relation to motivational state . European Journal of Neuroscience , 11 ( 12 ) : 4389 – 97 .
  • Beard , K.W. 2005 . Internet addiction: A review of current assessment techniques and potential assessment questions . CyberPsychology and Behavior , 8 ( 1 ) : 7 – 14 .
  • Bechara , A. 2005 . Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: A neurocognitive perspective . Nature Neuroscience , 8 : 1458 – 63 .
  • Berridge , K.C. 2007 . The debate over dopamine's role in reward: The case for incentive salience . Psychopharmacology (Berlin) , : 391 – 431 .
  • Black , D. 2007 . Compulsive buying disorder: A review of the evidence . Central Nervous System Spectrum , 12 ( 2 ) : 124 – 31 .
  • Black , D.W. 2000 . The epidemiology and phenomenology of compulsive sexual behavior . Central Nervous System Spectrum , 5 ( 1 ) : 26 – 72 .
  • Black , D.W. , Monahan , P. , Schlosser , S. and Repertinger , S. 2001 . Compulsive buying severity: An analysis of Compulsive Buying Scale results in 44 subjects . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders , 189 ( 2 ) : 123 – 26 .
  • Blum , K. , Sheridan , P.J. , Wood , R.C. , Braverman , E.R. , Chen , T.J. , Cull , J.G. and Comings , D.E. 1996 . The D2 dopamine receptor gene as a determinant of reward deficiency syndrome . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine , 89 ( 7 ) : 396 – 400 .
  • Blundell , J.E. 1984 . Serotonin and appetite . Neuropharmacology , 23 ( 12B ) : 1537 – 51 .
  • Bostwick , J.M. and Bucci , J.A. 2008 . Internet sex addiction treated with naltrexone . Mayo Clinic Proceedings , 83 : 226 – 30 .
  • Breiter , H.C. , Aharon , I. , Kahneman , D. , Dale , A. and Shizgal , P. 2001 . Functional imaging of neural responses to expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses . Neuron , 30 : 619 – 39 .
  • Brewer , J.A. and Potenza , M.N. 2008 . The neurobiology and genetics of impulse control disorders: Relationships to drug addictions . Biochemical Pharmacology , 75 ( 1 ) : 63 – 75 .
  • Carnes , P.J. and Wilson , M. 2002 . “ The sexual addiction assessment process ” . In Clinical Management of Sex Addiction , Edited by: Carens , P.J. and Adams , K.M . New York : Brunner-Routledge .
  • Carter , W.P. , Hudson , J.I. , Lalonde , J.K. , Pindyck , L. , McElroy , S.L. and Pope , H.G. Jr. 2003 . Pharmacologic treatment of binge eating disorder . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 34 ( Suppl ) : S74 – 88 .
  • Chak , K. and Leung , L. 2004 . Shyness and locus of control as predictors of internet addiction and internet use . CyberPsychology and Behavior , 7 : 559 – 70 .
  • Chamberlain , S.R. and Sahakian , B.J. 2007 . The neuropsychiatry of impulsivity . Current Opinions in Psychiatry , 20 : 255 – 61 .
  • Chan , P.A. and Rabinowitz , T. 2006 . A cross-sectional analysis of video games and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adolescents . Annals of General Psychology , 5 : 1 – 16 .
  • Childress , A.R. , Mozley , P.D. , McElgin , W. , Fitzgerald , J. , Reivich , M. and O'Brien , C.P. 1999 . Limbic activation during cue-induced cocaine craving . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 11 – 18 .
  • Claes , L. , Bijttebier , P. , Mitchell , J.E.;. , de Zwaan , M. and Mueller , A. 2011 . The relationship between compulsive buying, eating disorder symptoms, and temperament in a sample of female students . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 52 ( 1 ) : 50 – 5 . Epub 2010 Jul 1
  • Coleman , E. , Raymond , N. and McBean , A. 2003 . Assessment and treatment of compulsive sexual behavior . Minnesota Medicine , 86 : 42 – 47 .
  • Council on Science and Public Health (CSAPH). 2006. Emotional and Behavioral Effects, Including Addictive Potential, of Video Games. www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/467/csaph12a07.doc (http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/467/csaph12a07.doc)
  • Davis , R.A. 2001 . A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological internet use . Computers in Human Behavior , 17 ( 2 ) : 187 – 95 .
  • Davis , C. and Carter , J. 2009 . Compulsive overeating as an addiction disorder: A review of theory and evidence . Appetite , 53 : 1 – 8 .
  • Deadwyler , S.A. 2010 . Electrophysiological correlates of abused drugs: Relation to natural rewards . Annals of the New York Academy of Science , 1187 : 140 – 47 .
  • Di Chiara , G. 1998 . A motivational learning hypothesis of the role of mesolimbic dopamine in compulsive drug use . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 12 : 54 – 67 .
  • Djamshidian , A. , Jha , A. , O'Sullivan , S.S. , Silveira-Moriyama , L. , Jacobson , C. , Brown , P. , Lees , A. and Averbeck , B.B. 2010 . Risk and learning in impulsive and nonimpulsive patients with Parkinson's disease . Movement Disorders , 25 ( 13 ) : 2203 – 10 .
  • Entertainment Software Association (ESA). 2006. Essential Facts About the Computer and Video Game Industry. www.theesa.com/archives/files/Essential%20Facts%202006.pdf (http://www.theesa.com/archives/files/Essential%20Facts%202006.pdf)
  • Entertainment Software Association (ESA). 2005. Sales, Demographic and Usage Data: Essential Factors About the Computer and Video Game Industry. www.theesa.com/files/2005EssentialFacts.pdf (http://www.theesa.com/files/2005EssentialFacts.pdf)
  • Evans , A.H. , Pavese , N. , Lawrence , A.D. , Tai , Y.F. , Appel , S. , Doder , M. , Brooks , D.J. , Lees , A.J. and Piccini , P. 2006 . Compulsive drug use linked to sensitized ventral striatal dopamine transmission . Annals of Neurology , 59 : 852 – 58 .
  • Filip , M. , Frankowska , M. , Zaniewska , M. , Gołda , A. and Przegaliński , E. 2005 . The serotonergic system and its role in cocaine addiction . Pharmacology Reports , 57 ( 6 ) : 685 – 700 .
  • Goodman , A. 2008 . Neurobiology of addiction: An integrative review . Biochemical Pharmacology , 75 : 266 – 322 .
  • Goldberg, I. 1995. Internet Addictive Disorder (IAD) Diagnostic Criteria. www.psycom.net/iadcriteria.html (http://www.psycom.net/iadcriteria.html)
  • Grant , J.E. and Kim , S.W. 2001 . A case of kleptomania and compulsive sexual behavior treated with naltrexone . Annals of Clinical Psychiatry , 13 : 229 – 31 .
  • Grant , J.E. , Kim , S.W. and Odlaug , B.L. 2007 . N-acetyl cysteine, a glutamate-modulating agent, in the treatment of pathological gambling: A pilot study . Biological Psychiatry , 62 : 652 – 57 .
  • Grant , J.E. , Brewer , J.A. and Potenza , M.N. 2006 . The neurobiology of substance and behavioral addictions . Central Nervous System Spectrum , 11 ( 12 ) : 924 – 30 .
  • Grant , J.E. , Potenza , M.N. , Hollander , E. , Cunningham-Williams , R. , Nurminen , T. , Smits , G. and Kallio , A. 2006 . Multicenter investigation of the opioid antagonist nalmefene in the treatment of pathological gambling . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 303 – 12 .
  • Griffiths , M. 2000 . Does internet and computer “addiction” exist? Some case study evidence . CyberPsychology and Behavior , 3 ( 2 ) : 211 – 18 .
  • Grüsser , S.M. , Thalemann , R. and Griffiths , M.D. 2007 . Excessive computer game playing: Evidence for addiction and aggression? . CyberPsychology and Behavior , 10 ( 2 ) : 290 – 92 .
  • Halford , J.C. and Blundell , J.E. 2000 . Pharmacology of appetite suppression . Progress in Drug Research , 54 : 25 – 58 .
  • Halford , J.C. , Wanninayake , S.C. and Blundell , J.E. 1998 . Behavioral satiety sequence (BSS) for the diagnosis of drug action on food intake . Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior , 61 ( 2 ) : 159 – 68 .
  • Hammersley , R. 1995 . Personal email communication to ADDICT-L discussion group .
  • Hodgins , D. , Stea , J. and Grant , J. 2011 . Gambling disorders . Lancet , 378 : 1874 – 84 .
  • Hodgins , D.C. , Wynne , H. and Makarchuk , K. 1999 . Pathways to recovery from gambling problems: Follow-up from a general population survey . Journal of Gambling Studies , 15 : 93 – 104 .
  • Hoeft , F. , Watson , C.L. , Kesler , S.R. , Bettinger , K.E. and Reiss , A.L. 2008 . Gender differences in the mesocorticolimbic system during computer game-play . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 42 : 253 – 58 .
  • Holden , C. 2001 . Behavioral addictions: Do they exist? . Science , 294 : 980 – 82 .
  • Hudson , J.I. , Hiripi , E. , Pope , H.G. Jr and Kessler , R.C. 2007 . The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey replication . Biological Psychiatry , 61 : 348 – 58 .
  • Hyman , S. 2005 . Addiction: A disease of learning and memory . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 1414 – 22 .
  • Jentsch , J.D. and Taylor , J.R. 1999 . Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: Implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli . Psychopharmacology , 146 ( 4 ) : 373 – 90 .
  • Kafka , M.P. 2010 . Hypersexual disorder: A proposed diagnosis for DSM-V . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 39 ( 2 ) : 377 – 400 .
  • Kalivas , P.W. and O'Brien , C. 2008 . Drug addictions as a pathology of staged neuroplasticity . Neuropsychopharmacology , 33 : 166 – 80 .
  • Kalivas , P.W. , Peters , J. and Knackstedt , L. 2006 . Animal models and brain circuits in drug addiction . Molecular Interventions , 6 : 339 – 44 .
  • Kaplan , M.S. and Krueger , R.B. 2010 . Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of hypersexuality . Journal of Sex Research , 47 ( 2–3 ) : 181 – 98 .
  • Kelley , A.E. , Baldo , B.A. , Pratt , W.E. and Will , M.J. 2005 . Corticostriatal-hypothalamic circuitry and food motivation: Integration of energy, action and reward . Physiology and Behavior , 86 ( 5 ) : 773 – 95 . Epub 2005 Nov 14
  • Kenna , G.A. , Zywiak , W.H. , McGeary , J.E. , Leggio , L. , McGeary , C. , Wang , S. , Grenga , A. and Swift , R.M. 2009 . A within-group design of nontreatment seeking 5-HTTLPR genotyped alcohol-dependent subjects receiving ondansetron and sertraline . Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research , 33 ( 2 ) : 315 – 23 . Epub 2008 Nov 19
  • Knutson , B. , Rick , S. , Wimmer , G.E. , Prelec , D. and Loewenstein , G. 2007 . Neural predictors of purchases . Neuron , 53 : 147 – 56 .
  • Koepp , M.J. , Gunn , R.N. , Lawrence , A.D. , Cunningham , V.J. , Dagher , A. , Jones , T. , Brooks , D.J. , Bench , C.J. and Grasby , P.M. 1998 . Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a videogame . Nature , 393 : 266 – 68 .
  • Koob , G.F. and Volkow , N.D. 2010 . Neurocircuitry of addiction . Neuropsychopharmacology , 35 : 217 – 38 .
  • Koran , L.M. , Faber , R.J. , Aboujaoude , E. , Large , M.D. and Serpe , R.T. 2006 . Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying behavior in the United States . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 1806 – 12 .
  • Kruesi , M.J.P. , Fine , S. , Valladares , L. , Phillips , R.A. and Rapoport , J.L. 1992 . Paraphilias: A double-blind crossover comparison of clomipramine versus desipramine . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 21 : 587 – 93 .
  • Langenbucher , J. , Bavly , L. , Labouvie , E. , Sanjuan , P.M. and Martin , C.S. 2001 . Clinical features of pathological gambling in an addictions treatment cohort . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 15 : 77 – 79 .
  • Langstrom , N. and Hanson , R.K. 2006 . High rates of sexual behavior in the general population: Correlates and predictors . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 35 : 37 – 52 .
  • Lee , M.I. and Miltenberger , R.G. 1997 . Functional assessment and binge eating. A review of the literature and suggestions for future research . Behavior Modification , 21 ( 2 ) : 159 – 71 .
  • Linnoila , M. , Virkkunen , M. , Scheinin , M. , Nuutila , A. , Rimon , R. and Goodwin , F.K. 1983 . Low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration differentiates impulsive from non-impulsive violent behavior . Life Science , 33 : 2609 – 14 .
  • Mafe , C.R. and Blas , SS. 2006 . Explaining Internet dependency: An exploratory study of future purchase intention of Spanish Internet users . Internet Research , 16 ( 4 ) : 380 – 96 .
  • Marazziti , D. , Rossi , L. , Baroni , S. , Consoli , G. , Hollander , E. and Catena-Dell'Osso , M. 2011 . Novel treatment options of binge eating disorder . Current Medicinal Chemistry , 1 ( 18 ) : 5159 – 64 .
  • Martin , P. and Petry , N. 2005 . Are non-substance-related addictions really addictions? . American Journal on Addictions , 14 : 1 – 7 .
  • McElroy , S.L. , Hudson , J.I. , Capece , J.A. , Bevers , K. , Fisher , A.C. and Rosenthal , N.R. 2007 . Topiramate for the treatment of binge eating disorder associated with obesity: A placebo-controlled study . Biological Psychiatry , 61 ( 9 ) : 1039 – 48 .
  • McElroy , S.L. , Keck , P.E. Jr. and Phillips , K.A. 1995 . Kleptomania, compulsive buying, and binge-eating disorder . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 56 ( Suppl 4 ) : 14 – 26 . discussion 27
  • McElroy , S. , Pope , H. , Hudson , J. , Keck , P. and White , K. 1991 . Kleptomania: A report on 20 cases . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 : 652 – 57 .
  • Miner , M. , Raymond , N. , Mueller , B. , Lloyd , M. and Lim , K.O. 2009 . Preliminary investigation of the impulsive and neuroanatomical characteristics of compulsive sexual behavior . Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging , 174 ( 2 ) : 146 – 51 .
  • Mitchell , P. 2000 . Internet addiction: Genuine diagnosis or not? . Lancet , 355 ( 9204 ) : 632
  • Money , J. 1994 . Response: Paraphilia defined . Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 2 : 41 – 42 .
  • Morahan-Martin , J. 2005 . Internet abuse: Addiction? Disorder? Symptom? Alternative explanations? . Social Science Computer Review , 23 ( 1 ) : 39 – 48 .
  • Mueller , A. , Mitchell , J.E. , Black , D.W. , Crosby , R.D. , Berg , K. and de Zwaan , M. 2010 . Latent profile analysis and comorbidity in a sample of individuals with compulsive buying disorder . Psychiatry Research , 8 ( 2 ) : 348 – 53 . Epub 2010 May 14
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) . 2002 . Reward and decision making: Opportunities and future directions . Neuron , 36 : 189 – 92 .
  • Nirenberg , M. and Waters , C. 2006 . Compulsive eating and weight gain related to dopamine agonist use . Movement Disorders , 21 ( 4 ) : 524 – 29 .
  • Olsen , C.M. 2011 . Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions . Neuropharmacology , 61 : 1109 – 22 .
  • Pessiglione , M. , Seymour , B. , Flandin , G. , Dolan , R.J. and Frith , C.D. 2006 . Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans . Nature , 442 ( 7106 ) : 1042 – 45 . Epub 2006 Aug 23
  • Petry , N.M. 2009 . Disordered gambling and its treatment . Cognitive and Behavioral Practice , 16 : 457 – 67 .
  • Petry , N.M. 2006 . Should the scope of addictive behaviors be broadened to include pathological gambling? . Addiction , 101 ( 1 ) : 152 – 60 .
  • Petry , N.M. 2001 . Substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsiveness . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 63 : 29 – 38 .
  • Petry , N.M. , Stinson , F.S. and Grant , B.F. 2005 . Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 66 : 564 – 74 .
  • Potenza , M.N. 2008 . The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: An overview and new findings . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B , 363 : 3181 – 89 .
  • Potenza , M. N. 2006 . Should addictive disorders include non-substance related conditions? . Addiction , 101 : 142 – 51 .
  • Potenza , M.N. , Kosten , T.R. and Rounsaville , B.J. 2001 . Pathological gambling . Journal of the American Medical Association , 286 : 141 – 44 .
  • Potenza , M.N. , Steinberg , M.A. , Skudlarski , P. , Fulbright , R.K. , Lacadie , C.M. , Wilber , M.K. , Rounsaville , B.J. , Gore , J.C. and Wexler , B.E. 2003 . Gambling urges and pathological gambling: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 60 : 828 – 36 .
  • Raymond , N.C. , Coleman , E. and Miner , M. 2003 . Psychiatric comorbidity and compulsive/impulsive traits in compulsive sexual behavior . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 44 ( 5 ) : 370 – 80 .
  • Reid , R. C. , Karim , R. , McCrory , E. and Carpenter , B.N. 2009 . Self-reported differences on measures of executive function and hypersexual behavior in a patient and community sample of men . International Journal of Neuroscience , 120 ( 2 ) : 120 – 27 .
  • Reuter , J. , Raedler , T , Rose , M. , Hand , I. , Glacher , J. and Buchel , C. 2005 . Pathological gambling is linked to reduced activation of the mesolimbic reward system . Nature Neuroscience , 8 : 147 – 48 .
  • Shapira , N.A. , Lessig , M.C. , Goldsmith , T.D. , Szabo , S.T. , Lazoritz , M. , Gold , M.S. and Stein , D.J. 2003 . Problematic internet use: Proposed classification and diagnostic criteria . Depression and Anxiety , 17 ( 4 ) : 207 – 16 .
  • Sharf , R. , Lee , D.Y. and Ranaldi , R. 2005 . Microinjections of SCH 23390 in the ventral tegmental area reduce operant responding under a progressive ratio schedule of food reinforcement in rats . Brain Research , 1033 ( 2 ) : 179 – 85 .
  • Sheese , B.E. and Graziano , W.G. 2005 . Deciding to defect: The effects of video game violence on cooperative behavior . Psychological Science , 16 : 354 – 57 .
  • Slutske , W. , Eisen , S. , True , W.R. , Lyons , M.J. , Goldberg , J. and Tsuang , M. 2000 . Common genetic vulnerability for pathological gambling and alcohol dependence in men . Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 : 666 – 73 .
  • Smith , D.E , Marcus , M.D. , Lewis , C.E. , Fitzgibbon , M. and Schreiner , P. 1998 . Prevalence of binge eating disorder, obesity, and depression in a biracial cohort of young adults . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 20 ( 3 ) : 227 – 32 .
  • Soule , L. , Shell , W. and Kleen , B. 2003 . Exploring Internet addiction: Demographic characteristics and stereotypes of heavy internet users . Journal of Computer Information Systems , 44 ( 1 ) : 64 – 73 .
  • Tejeiro Salguero , R.A. and Moran , R.M. 2002 . Measuring problem video game playing in adolescents . Addiction , 97 : 1601 – 06 .
  • Vastag , B. 2004 . Does video game violence show aggression? Studies probe effects of virtual violence on children . Journal of the American Medical Association , 291 : 1822 – 24 .
  • Vilas , D. , Pont-Sunyer , C. and Tolosa , E. 2012 . Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease . Parkinsonism & Related Disorders , 18 ( 1 ) : S80 – S84 .
  • Volkow , N.D. and Wise , R.A. 2005 . How can drug addiction help us understand obesity? . Nature Neuroscience , 8 : 555 – 60 .
  • Volkow , N.D. and Fowler , J.S. 2000 . Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: Involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex . Cerebral Cortex , 10 : 318 – 25 .
  • Volkow , N.D. , Wang , G.J. and Telang , F. 2008 . Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: Possible contributing factors . Neuroimaging , 42 ( 4 ) : 1515 – 37 .
  • Wainberg , M.L. , Muench , F. , Morgenstern , J. , Hollander , E. , Irwin , T.W. , Parsons , J.T. , Allen , A. and O'Leary , A. 2006 . A double-blind study of citalopram versus placebo in the treatment of compulsive sexual behaviors in gay and bisexual men . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 67 : 1968 – 73 .
  • Wang , G.J. , Volkow , N.D. and Thanos , P.K. 2009 . Brain imaging of dopamine: Implications for understanding obesity . Journal of Addiction Medicine , 3 ( 1 ) : 8 – 18 .
  • Wang , G.J. , Volkow , N.D. , Thanos , P.K. and Fowler , J.S. 2004a . Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: A concept review . Journal of Addictive Diseases , 23 ( 3 ) : 39 – 53 .
  • Wang , G.J. , Volkow , N.D. , Telang , F. , Jayne , M. , Ma , J. and Rao , M. 2004b . Exposure to appetitive food stimuli markedly activates the human brain . NeuroImage , 21 : 1790 – 97 .
  • Welte , J. , Barnes , G. , Wieczorek , W. , Tidwell , M.C. and Parker , J. 2001 . Alcohol and gambling pathology among U.S. adults: Prevalence, demographic patterns and comorbidity . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 62 : 706 – 712 .
  • Whang , L. , Lee , S. and Chang , G. 2003 . Internet over-users’ psychological profiles: A behavior sampling analysis on internet addiction . CyberPsychology and Behavior , 6 ( 2 ) : 143 – 45 .
  • Widyanto , L. , Griffiths , M.D. and Brunsden , V. 2011 . A psychometric comparison of the Internet Addiction Test, the Internet-Related Problem Scale, and self-diagnosis . Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking , : 141 – 49 . Epub 2010 Nov 10
  • Yellowless , P. and Marks , S. 2007 . Problematic internet use or internet addiction? . Computers in Human Behavior , 23 : 1447 – 1453 .
  • Young , K. 2007 . Cognitive behavior therapy with internet addicts: Treatment outcomes and implications . CyberPsychology and Behavior , 10 ( 5 ) : 671 – 679 .
  • Young , K.S. 1999 . Internet addiction: Symptoms, evaluation, and treatment . Innovations in Clinical Practice , 17 : 19 – 31 .
  • Young , K.S. 1998 . Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder . CyberPsychology and Behavior , 1 ( 3 ) : 237 – 44 .
  • Young , K.S. 1996 . Psychology of computer use: XL. Addictive use of the Internet: a case that breaks the stereotype. Psychology Reports . 79 ( 3 Pt 1 ) : 899 – 902 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.