1,100
Views
49
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Neuroenhancement Among German University Students: Motives, Expectations, and Relationship with Psychoactive Lifestyle Drugs

, , , &
Pages 418-427 | Published online: 06 Dec 2012

REFERENCES

  • Arria , A.M. 2008 . Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and analgesics: Associations with social and academic behaviors among college students . Pharmacotherapy , 38 ( 4 ) : 1045 – 60 .
  • Arria , A.M. and Wish , E.D. 2006 . Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among students . Pediatric Annals , 35 ( 8 ) : 565 – 71 .
  • Babcock , Q. and Byrne , T. 2000 . Student perceptions of methylphenidate abuse at a public liberal arts college . Journal of the American College of Health , 49 ( 3 ) : 143 – 45 .
  • Boyd , C.J. , McCabe , S.E. and Morales , M. 2005 . College students' alcohol use: A critical review . Annual Revue of Nursing Research , 23 : 179 – 211 .
  • Brandao , M.P. , Pimentel , F.L. and Cardoso , M.F. 2011 . Impact of academic exposure on health status of university students . Revista de Saude Publica , 45 ( 1 ) : 49 – 58 .
  • Carroll , B.C. , McLaughlin , T.J. and Blake , D.R. 2006 . Patterns and knowledge of nonmedical use of stimulants among college students . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 160 ( 5 ) : 481 – 85 .
  • Cooper , M.L. , Frone , M.R. , Russell , M. and Mudar , P. 1995 . Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: A motivational model of alcohol use . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 ( 5 ) : 990 – 1005 .
  • Courtney , K.E. and Polich , J. 2009 . Binge drinking in young adults: Data, definitions, and determinants . Psychology Bulletin , 135 ( 1 ) : 142 – 56 .
  • Cranford , J.A. , McCabe , S.E. and Boyd , C.J. 2006 . A new measure of binge drinking: prevalence and correlates in a probability sample of undergraduates . Alcoho,l Clinical and Experimental Research , 30 ( 11 ) : 1896 – 905 .
  • Csoka , M. 2009 . [Paradigm shift in higher education] . Orv Hetil , 150 ( 35 ) : 1663 – 69 .
  • Cumming , A. 2010 . The Bologna process, medical education and integrated learning . Medical Teacher , 32 ( 4 ) : 316 – 18 .
  • de Jongh , R. , Bolt , I. , Schermer , M. and Olivier , B. 2008 . Botox for the brain: Enhancement of cognition, mood and pro-social behavior and blunting of unwanted memories . Neuroscience and Biobehavior Revue , 32 ( 4 ) : 760 – 76 .
  • Dennhardt , A.A. and Murphy , J.G. 2011 . Associations between depression, distress tolerance, delay discounting, and alcohol-related problems in European American and African American college students . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 25 ( 4 ) : 595 – 604 .
  • Deutschen Angestellten Krankenkasse. 2009. Gesundheitsreport der Deutschen Angestellten Krankenkasset.DAK Forschung/ IGES GmbH. Hamburg/ Berlin www.dak.de/content/filesopen/Gesundheitsreport_2009.pdf (http://www.dak.de/content/filesopen/Gesundheitsreport_2009.pdf)
  • Forstl , H. 2009 . [Neuro-enhancement. Brain doping] . Nervenarzt , 80 ( 7 ) : 840 – 46 .
  • Franke , A.G. , Bonertz , C. , Christmann , M. , Huss , M. , Fellgiebel , A. , Hildt , E. and Lieb , K. 2011a . Non-medical use of prescription stimulants and illicit use of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in pupils and students in Germany . Pharmacopsychiatry , 44 ( 2 ) : 60 – 66 .
  • Franke , A.G. , Christmann , M. , Bonertz , C. , Fellgiebel , A. , Huss , M. and Lieb , K. 2011b . Use of coffee, caffeinated drinks and caffeine tablets for cognitive enhancement in pupils and students in Germany . Pharmacopsychiatry , 44 ( 7 ) : 331 – 38 .
  • Galert , T. , Bublitz , C. , Heuser , I. , Merkel , R. , Repantis , D. , Schöne-Seifert , B. and Talbot , D. 2009 . Das optimierte Gehirn . Gehirn & Geist Verlag Spektrum der Wissenschaft , 11 : 40 – 48 .
  • Gledhill-Hoyt , J. , Lee , H. , Strote , J. and Wechsler , H. 2000 . Increased use of marijuana and other illicit drugs at US colleges in the 1990s: Results of three national surveys . Addiction , 95 ( 11 ) : 1655 – 67 .
  • Greely , H. , Sahakian , B. , Harris , J. , Kessler , R.C. , Gazzaniga , M. , Campbell , P. and Farah , M.J. 2008 . Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy . Nature , 456 ( 7223 ) : 702 – 05 .
  • Hall , K.M. , Irwin , M.M. , Bowman , K.A. , Frankenberger , W. and Jewett , D.C. 2005 . Illicit use of prescribed stimulant medication among college students . Journal of the American College of Health , 53 ( 4 ) : 167 – 74 .
  • Hensen , P. 2010 . The “Bologna Process” in European higher education: Impact of bachelor's and master's degrees on German medical education . Teaching and Learning in Medicine , 22 ( 2 ) : 142 – 47 .
  • Johnston , L.D. , O'Malley , P.M. , Bachman , J.G. and Schulenberg , J.E. 2007 . Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2006: Volume II, College Students and Adults Ages 19–45 , Bethesda , MD : National Institute on Drug Abuse .
  • Kaloyanides , K.B. , McCabe , S.E. , Cranford , J.A. and Teter , C.J. 2007 . Prevalence of illicit use and abuse of prescription stimulants, alcohol, and other drugs among college students: relationship with age at initiation of prescription stimulants . Pharmacotherapy , 27 ( 5 ) : 666 – 74 .
  • Langlitz, N. 2010. Neuro-Enhancement: Das Gehirn ist kein Muskel. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. FAZ net. July 7 http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/medizin/neuro-enhancement-das-gehirn-ist-kein-muskel-1912020.html (http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/medizin/neuro-enhancement-das-gehirn-ist-kein-muskel-1912020.html)
  • Leszczensky , M. , Isserstedt , W. , Middendorff , E. , Heublein , U. , Barthelmes , T. , Stratmann , F. , Degenhardt , L. , Meyer , S. , Wien , B. , Paulsen , R. , Andresen , R. and Biella , D. 2010 . Woran Studierende scheitern - Die Studienstrukturreform führt zu einer Verschiebung bei den Ursachen für einen Studienabbruch . HIS-Magazin , 2 : 5 – 7 .
  • Lord , S. , Downs , G. , Furtaw , P. , Chaudhuri , A. , Silverstein , A. , Gammaitoni , A. and Budman , S. 2009 . Nonmedical use of prescription opioids and stimulants among student pharmacists . Journal of the American Pharmacists Association (2003) , 49 ( 4 ) : 519 – 28 .
  • Low , K.G. and Gendaszek , A.E. 2002 . Illicit use of psychostimulants among college students: A preliminary study . Psychology, Health & Medicine , 7 ( 3 ) : 283 – 87 .
  • Maher , B. 2008 . Poll results: Look who's doping . Nature , 452 ( 7188 ) : 674 – 75 .
  • Malinauskas , B.M. , Aeby , V.G. , Overton , R.F. , Carpenter-Aeby , T. and Barber-Heidal , K. 2007 . A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students . Nutrition Journal , 6 : 35
  • McCabe , S.E. , Teter , C.J. and Boyd , C.J. 2006 . Medical use, illicit use and diversion of prescription stimulant medication . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 38 ( 1 ) : 43 – 56 .
  • McNiel , A.D. , Muzzin , K.B. , DeWald , J.P. , McCann , A.L. , Schneiderman , E.D. , Scofield , J. and Campbell , P.R. 2011 . The nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among dental and dental hygiene students . Journal of Dental Education , 75 ( 3 ) : 365 – 76 .
  • Meyer, F. 2010. Stress in der Uni. Studieren bis zur Erschöpfung. Süddeutsche Zeitung. January 18 http://www.sueddeutsche.de/karriere/stress-in-der-uni-studieren-bis-zur-erschoepfung-1.74830 (http://www.sueddeutsche.de/karriere/stress-in-der-uni-studieren-bis-zur-erschoepfung-1.74830)
  • Nichter , M. and Carkoglu , A. 2007 . Reconsidering stress and smoking: A qualitative study among college students . Tobacco Control , 16 ( 3 ) : 211 – 14 .
  • Normann , C. and Berger , M. 2008 . Neuroenhancement: Status quo and perspectives . European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 258 ( Suppl 5 ) : 110 – 14 .
  • Novak , S.P. , Kroutil , L.A. , Williams , R.L. and Van Brunt , D.L. 2007 . The nonmedical use of prescription ADHD medications: Results from a national Internet panel . Substance Abuse Treatment and Prevention Policy , 2 : 32
  • Parada , M. , Corral , M. , Mota , N. , Crego , A. , Rodriguez Holguin , S. and Cadaveira , F. 2011 . Executive functioning and alcohol binge drinking in university students . Addictive Behaviors , 37 ( 2 ) : 167 – 72 .
  • Reavley , N.J. , Jorm , A.F. , McCann , T.V. and Lubman , D.I. 2011 . Alcohol consumption in tertiary education students . BMC Public Health , 11 : 545
  • Repantis , D. , Laisney , O. and Heuser , I. 2010 . Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review . Pharmacological Research , 61 ( 6 ) : 473 – 81 .
  • Repantis , D. , Schlattmann , P. , Laisney , O. and Heuser , I. 2010 . Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review . Pharmacological Research , 62 ( 3 ) : 187 – 206 .
  • Slutske , W.S. 2005 . Alcohol use disorders among US college students and their non-college-attending peers . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 ( 3 ) : 321 – 27 .
  • Stasio , M.J. , Curry , K. , Sutton-Skinner , K.M. and Glassman , D.M. 2008 . Over-the-counter medication and herbal or dietary supplement use in college: dose frequency and relationship to self-reported distress . Journal of the American College of Health , 56 ( 5 ) : 535 – 47 .
  • Teter , C.J. , McCabe , S.E. , LaGrange , K. , Cranford , J.A. and Boyd , C.J. 2006 . Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: prevalence, motives, and routes of administration . Pharmacotherapy , 26 ( 10 ) : 1501 – 10 .
  • Teter , C.J. , McCabe , S.E. , Cranford , J.A. , Boyd , C.J. and Guthrie , S.K. 2005 . Prevalence and motives for illicit use of prescription stimulants in an undergraduate student sample . Journal of the American College of Health , 53 ( 6 ) : 253 – 62 .
  • Teter , C.J. , McCabe , S.E. , Boyd , C.J. and Guthrie , S.K. 2003 . Illicit methylphenidate use in an undergraduate student sample: prevalence and risk factors . Pharmacotherapy , 23 ( 5 ) : 609 – 17 .
  • Weyandt , L.L. , Janusis , G. , Wilson , K.G. , Verdi , G. , Paquin , G. , Lopes , J. , Varejao , M. and Dussault , C. 2009 . Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among a sample of college students: relationship with psychological variables . Journal of Attention Disorders , 13 ( 3 ) : 284 – 96 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.