Use of Micronutrients Attenuates Cannabis and Nicotine Abuse as Evidenced From a Reversal Design: A Case Study

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR , Washington , DC : APA .
   Google Scholar
• Ames , B.N. , Elson-Schwab , I. and Silver , E. 2002 . High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme binding affinity (increased Km): Relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 75 : 616 – 658 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold , L.E. , Amato , A. , Bozzolo , H. , Hollway , J. , Cook , A. , Ramadan , Y. , Crowl , L. , Zhang , D. , Thompson , S. , Testa , G. , Kliewer , V. , Wigal , T. , McBurnett , K. and Manos , M. 2007 . Acetyl-l-carnitine in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A multi-site, placebo-controlled pilot trial . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology , 17 ( 6 ) : 791 – 801 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arseneault , L. , Cannon , M. , Poulton , R. , Murray , R. , Caspi , A. and Moffitt , T.E. 2002 . Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: Longitudinal prospective study . BMJ: British Medical Journal , 325 ( 7374 ) : 1212 – 1213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barringer , T. , Kirk , J. , Santaniello , A. , Foley , K. and Michielutte , R. 2003 . Effect of a multivitamin and mineral supplement on infection and quality of life: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial . Annals of Internal Medicine , 138 : 365 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum , K. , Allison , D. , Trachtenberg , M.C. , Williams , R.W. and Loeblich , L.A. 1988 . Reduction of both drug hunger and withdrawal against advice rate of cocaine abusers in a 30-day inpatient treatment program by the neuronutrient Tropamine . Current Therapeutic Research , 43 ( 6 ) : 1204 – 1214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum , K. , Chen , A.L. , Braverman , E.R. , Comings , D.E. , Chen , T.J. , Arcuri , V. , Blum , S.H. , Downs , B.W. , Waite , R.L. , Notaro , A. , Lubar , J. , Williams , L. , Prihoda , T.J. , Palomo , T. and Oscar-Berman , M. 2008 . Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome . Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat , 4 ( 5 ) : 893 – 918 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blum , K. , Chen , A.L.C. and Chen , T.J.H. 2009 . Putative targeting of dopamine D2 receptor function in reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) by Synaptamine Complex Variant (KB220): Clinical trial showing anti-anxiety effects . Gene Therapy and Molecular Biology , 13 : 214 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Blum , K. , Chen , T.J. , Morse , S. , Giordano , J. , Chen , A.L. , Thompson , J. , Allen , C. , Smolen , A. , Lubar , J. , Stice , E. , Downs , B.W. , Waite , R.L. , Madigan , M.A. , Kerner , M. , Fornari , F. and Braverman , E.R. 2010 . Overcoming qEEG abnormalities and reward gene deficits during protracted abstinence in male psychostimulant and polydrug abusers utilizing putative dopamine D(2) agonist therapy: Part 2 . Postgraduate Medicine , 122 ( 6 ) : 214 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R.J. , Blum , K. and Trachtenberg , M.C. 1990 . Neurodynamics of relapse prevention: A neuronutrient approach to outpatient DUI offenders . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 22 ( 2 ) : 173 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , D. , Ring , C. , Suter , M. and Willemsen , G. 2000 . The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 150 : 220 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , D. , Liu , Y. , He , W. , Wang , H. and Wang , Z. 2012 . Neurotransmitter-precursor-supplement intervention for detoxified heroin addicts . Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology Medical Sciences , 32 ( 3 ) : 422 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , K. , Zhang , X. , Li , T. , Chen , L. , Wei , X. , Qu , P. and Liu , Y. 2011 . Effect of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on infectious morbidity of preschool children . Nutrition , 27 ( 4 ) : 428 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , T.J.H. , Blum , K. , Chen , A.L.C. , Bowirrat , A. , Downs , W.B. , Madigan , M.A. , Waite , R.L. , Bailey , J.A. , Kerner , M. , Yeldandi , S. , Majmundar , N. , Giordano , J. , Morse , S. , Miller , D. , Fornari , F. and Braverman , E.R. 2011 . Neurogenetics and clinical evidence for the putative activation of the brain reward circuitry by a neuroadaptagen: Proposing an addiction candidate gene panel map . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 43 ( 2 ) : 108 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conners , C.K. , Erhardt , D. and Sparrow , M.A. 2003 . Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 18 : 431 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis , M. , Godley , S.H. , Diamond , G. , Tims , F.M. , Babor , T. , Donaldson , J. , Liddle , H. , Titus , J.C. , Kaminer , Y. , Webb , C. , Hamilton , N. and Funk , R. 2004 . The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Study: Main findings from two randomized trials . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 27 ( 3 ) : 197 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , J. , Johnson , D. and Conners , C. 2002 . Conners' Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV™ (CAADID): Technical Manual , New York : MHS .
   Google Scholar
• Fergusson , D.M. and Boden , J.M. 2011 . “ Cannabis use in adolescents ” . In Improving the Transition: Reducing Social and Psychological Mordibity During Adolescence , Edited by: Gluckman , P. and Hayne , H. Wellington : Office of the Prime Minister's Science Advisory Committee .
   Google Scholar
• Fergusson , D.M. and Boden , J.M. 2008 . Cannabis use and later life outcomes . Addiction , 103 : 969 – 976 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson , D.M. and Boden , J.M. 2008 . Cannabis use and Adult ADHD symptoms . Drug & Alcohol Dependence , 95 : 90 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First , M. , Gibbon , M. , Spitzer , R. , Williams , J. and Benjamin , L. 1997 . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) , Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frazier , E. , Fristad , M.A. and Arnold , L.E. 2009 . Multinutrient supplement as treatment: Literature review and case report of a 12-year-old boy with bipolar disorder . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology , 19 ( 4 ) : 453 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier , E.A. , Fristad , M.A. and Arnold , L.E. 2012 . Feasibility of a nutritional supplement as treatment for Pediatric Bipolar Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine , 18 ( 7 ) : 678 – 685 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gariballa , S. and Forster , S. 2007 . Effects of dietary supplements on depressive symptoms in older patients: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Clinical Nutrition , 26 : 545 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gately , D. and Kaplan , B.J. 2009 . Database analysis of adults with bipolar disorder consuming a multinutrient formula . Clinical Medicine: Psychiatry , 4 : 3 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , B.F. and Pickering , R. 1998 . The relationship between cannabis use and DSM-IV cannabis abuse and dependence: Results from the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey . Journal of Substance Abuse , 10 ( 3 ) : 255 – 264 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guenther , R.M. 1983 . The role of nutritional therapy in alcoholism treatment . International Journal of Biosocial Research , 4 ( 1 ) : 5 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , B.J. , Crawford , S.G. , Field , C.J. and Simpson , J.S. 2007 . Vitamins, minerals, and mood . Psychological Bulletin , 133 ( 5 ) : 747 – 760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , B.J. , Crawford , S.G. , Gardner , B. and Farrelly , G. 2002 . Treatment of mood lability and explosive rage with minerals and vitamins: Two case studies in children . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology , 12 ( 3 ) : 205 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , B.J. , Fisher , J.E. , Crawford , S.G. , Field , C.J. and Kolb , B. 2004 . Improved mood and behavior during treatment with a mineral-vitamin supplement: An open-label case series of children . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology , 14 ( 1 ) : 115 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , B.J. , Simpson , J.S.A. , Ferre , R.C. , Gorman , C.P. , McMullen , D.M. and Crawford , S.G. 2001 . Effective mood stabilization with a chelated mineral supplement: An open-label trial in bipolar disorder . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 62 ( 12 ) : 936 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , D.O. , Veasey , R. , Watson , A. , Dodd , F. , Jones , E. , Maggini , S. and Haskell , C.F. 2010 . Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males . Psychopharmacology , 211 : 55 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehl-Madrona , L. , Leung , B. , Kennedy , C. , Paul , S. and Kaplan , B.J. 2010 . A naturalistic case-control study of micronutrients versus standard medication management in autism . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology , 20 ( 2 ) : 95 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , D.K. , Bowirrat , A. , Manka , M. , Miller , M. , Stokes , S. , Manka , D. , Allen , C. , Gant , C. , Downs , B.W. , Smolen , A. , Stevens , E. , Yeldandi , S. and Blum , K. 2010 . Acute intravenous synaptamine complex variant KB220 “normalizes” neurological dysregulation in patients during protracted abstinence from alcohol and opiates as observed using quantitative electroencephalographic and genetic analysis for reward polymorphisms: Part 1, pilot study with 2 case reports . Postgraduate Medicine , 122 ( 6 ) : 188 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery , S.A. and Asberg , M. 1979 . A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change . British Journal of Psychiatry , 134 : 382 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Applied Studies . 2000 . National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Main Findings 1998 , Rockville , MD : Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Parikh , S. , Saneto , R. , Falk , M.J. , Anselm , I. , Cohen , B.H. and Haas , R. 2009 . A modern approach to the treatment of mitochondrial disease . Pediatric Neurology , 41 ( 6 ) : 414 – 430 .
   Google Scholar
• Patton , G.C. , Coffey , C. , Carlin , J.B. , Degenhardt , L. , Lynskey , M. and Hall , W. 2002 . Cannabis use and mental health in young people: Cohort study . BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) , 325 ( 7374 ) : 1195 – 1198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popper , C.W. 2001 . Do vitamins or minerals (apart from lithium) have mood-stabilising effects? . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 62 ( 12 ) : 933 – 935 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulos , C.J. 1981 . What effects do corrective nutritional practices have on alcoholics? . Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry , 10 ( 1 ) : 61 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Rodway , M. , Vance , A. , Watters , A. , Lee , H. , Bos , E. and Kaplan , B.J. 2012 . “ Efficacy and cost of micronutrient treatment of childhood psychosis ” . In BMJ Case Reports 2012 (Journal Article):10.1136/bcr-2012-007213
   Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J.J. 2009 . Successful treatment of OCD with a micronutrient supplement following partial response to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A case study . Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 23 : 836 – 840 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J.J. , Andridge , R. , Gorman , B. , Blampied , N. , Gordon , H. and Boggis , A. 2012 . Shaken but unstirred? Effects of micronutrients on stress and trauma after an earthquake: RCT evidence comparing formulas and doses . Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental , 27 ( 5 ) : 440 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J.J. and Blampied , N.M. 2011 . Post earthquake functioning in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Positive effects of micronutrients on resilience . New Zealand Journal of Psychology , 40 ( 4 ) : 51 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J.J. , Gately , D. and Kaplan , B.J. 2010 . Database analysis of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder consuming a multinutrient formula . BMC: Psychiatry , 74 ( 10 ) doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-10-74
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J.J. and Harrison , R. 2010 . Successful treatment of Bipolar Disorder II and ADHD with a micronutrient formula: A case study . CNS Spectrums , 15 ( 5 ) : 289 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J.J. , Johnstone , J. and Harrison , R. 2011 . Can micronutrients improve neurocognitive functioning in adults with ADHD and severe mood dysregulation? A pilot study . Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine , 17 ( 12 ) : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J.J. , Johnstone , J. , Harrison , R. and Boggis , A. 2011 . Micronutrients reduce stress and anxiety following a 7.1 earthquake in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder . Psychiatry Research , 189 : 281 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J.J. and Kaplan , B.J. 2013 . Broad-spectrum micronutrient formulas for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms: A systematic review . Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics , 13 ( 1 ) : 49 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J.J. , Taylor , M. and Whitehead , K. 2011 . Effect of micronutrients on behavior and mood in adults with ADHD: Evidence from an 8-week open label trial with natural extension . Journal of Attention Disorders , 15 ( 1 ) : 79 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato , Y. , Honda , Y. , Iwamoto , J. , Kanoko , T. and Satoh , K. 2005 . Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: A randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 293 : 1082 – 1088 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlebusch , L. , Bosch , B.A. , Polglase , G. , Kleinschmidt , I. , Pillay , B.J. and Cassimjee , M.H. 2000 . A double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-centre study of the effects of an oral multivitamin-mineral combination on stress . South African Medical Journal , 90 : 1216 – 1223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , I. , Rucklidge , J.J. and Hughes , R.N. 2010 . A possible biological mechanism for the B Vitamins altering behaviour in ADHD . Pharmaceutical Medicine , 24 ( 5 ) : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Simmons , M. 2003 . Nutritional approach to bipolar disorder . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 64 ( 3 ) : 338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spearing , M.K. , Post , R.M. , Leverich , G.S. , Brandt , D. and Nolen , W. 1997 . Modification of the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale for use with bipolar illness (BP): The CGI: BP . Psychiatry Research , 73 : 159 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stough , C. , Scholey , A. , Lloyd , J. , Spong , J. , Myers , S. and Downey , L.A. 2011 . The effect of 90 day administration of a high dose vitamin B-complex on work stress . Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental , 26 ( 7 ) : 470 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wärnberg , J. , Gomez-Martinez , S. , Romeo , J. , Díaz , L.-E. and Marcos , A. 2009 . Nutrition, Inflammation, and cognitive function . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1153 ( 1 ) : 164 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar