431
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

“Word of Mouse”: Indigenous Harm Reduction and Online Consumerism of the Synthetic Compound Methoxphenidine

, Ph.D., M.Sc. & , B.A.

REFERENCES

  • Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. 2014. Response to ACMD recommendation on ketamine. Available at: http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/government-response-to-acmd-advice-on-ketamine. Accessed April 15, 2014.
  • Becker, H.S. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Macmillan.
  • Bigdeli, I.; Corazza, O.; Aslanpour, Z. & Schifano, F. 2013. Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS): A study on Persian language websites. Iranian Journal of Public Health 42 (5): 511–5.
  • Bonta, I.L. 2003. Schizophrenia, dissociative anaesthesia and near-death experience: Three events meeting at the NMDA receptor. Medical Hypotheses 62 (1): 23–28.
  • Boyer, E.W.; Lapen, P.T.; Macalino, G. & Hibberd, P.L. 2007. Dissemination of psychoactive substance information by innovative drug users. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 10 (1): 1–6.
  • Bruno, R.; Matthews, A.J.; Dunn, M.; Alati, R.; McIlwraith, F.; Hickey, S.; Burns, L. & Sindicich, N. 2012. Emerging psychoactive substance use among regular ecstasy users in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 124 (1–2): 19–25.
  • Chenail, R.J. 2011. Qualitative researchers in the blogosphere: Using blogs as diaries and data. The Qualitative Report 16 (1): 249–54.
  • Corazza, O. 2010. Exploring space consciousness and other dissociative experiences: A Japanese perspective. Journal of Consciousness Studies 17 (7–8): 173–190.
  • Corazza, O.; Demetrovics, Z.; van den Brink, W. & Schifano, F. 2013. “Legal highs” an inappropriate term for “novel psychoactive drugs” in drug prevention and scientific debate. International Journal of Drug Policy 24 (1): 82–33.
  • Corazza, O. & Schifano, F. 2010. Near-death states reported in a sample of 50 misusers. Substance Use and Misuse 45 (6): 916–924.
  • Corazza, O.; Schifano, F.; Simonato, P.; Fergus, S.; Assi, S.; Stair, J.; Corkery, J.; Trincas, G.; Deluca, P.; Davey, Z.; Drummond, C.; Blaszko, U.; Demetrovics, Z.; Moskalewicz, J.; Enea, A.; Di Melchiorre, G.; Mervo, B.; Floridi, L.; Di Furia, L.; Farre, M.; Flesland, L.; Pasinetti, M.; Pezzolesi, C.; Pisarska, A.; Shapiro, H.; Siemann, H.; Skutle, A.; Sferrazza, E.; Torrens, M; van der Kreeft, P.; Zummo, D. & Scherbaum, N. 2012. The phenomenon of new drugs on the Internet: A study on the diffusion of the ketamine derivative methoxetamine (“MXE”). Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 27: 145–149.
  • Curran, V.H. & Monaghan, L. 2001. In and out of the K-hole: A comparison of the acute and residual effects of ketamine in frequent and infrequent ketamine users. Addiction 96 (5): 749–60.
  • Dalgarno, P. & Shewan, D. 2005. Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research and Theory 13 (3): 259–65.
  • Davies, S.; Wood, D.M.; Smith, G.; Button, J.; Ramsey, J.; Archer, R.; Holt, D.W. & Dargan, P.I. 2010. Purchasing “legal highs” on the Internet: Is there consistency in what you get? QJM 103 (7): 489–93.
  • Day, K. & Keys, T. 2008. Starving in cyberspace: A discourse analysis of pro-eating disorder websites. Journal of Gender Studies 17 (1): 1–15.
  • Deluca, P., Schifano, F. & the Psychonaut 2002 Research Group. 2007. Searching the Internet for drug related websites: Analysis of online available information on ecstasy (MDMA). American Journal on Addictions 26 (2): 479–83.
  • DiMaggio, P.; Hargittai, E.; Neuman, W.R. & Robinson, J.P. 2001. Social implications of the Internet. Annual Review of Sociology, 27: 307–36.
  • EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction). 2010. Annual report. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-report/2010. Accessed May 16, 2014.
  • EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction). 2011. Annual report. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-report/2011. Accessed May 16, 2014.
  • Fielding, N.G.; Lee, R.M. & Blank, G. (Eds.). 2008. The Handbook of Online Research Methods. London: Sage.
  • Friedman, S.; de Jong, W.; Rossi, D.; Touzé, G.; Rockwell, R.; Des Jarlais, D. & Elovich, R. 2007. Harm reduction theory: Users’ culture, micro-social indigenous harm reduction, and the self-organization and outside-organizing of users’ groups. International Journal of Drug Policy 18: 107–117.
  • Friedrichs, H. 2009. Die Psychologie des Meskalinrausches. Berlin: VWB: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung.
  • Gallagher, C.T.; Assi, S.; Stair, J.L.; Fergus, S.; Corazza, O; Corkery, J.M. & Schifano, F. 2012. 5,6-Methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane: From laboratory curiosity to “legal high.” Human Psychopharmacology 27 (2): 106–12.
  • Gamble, L. & George, M. 1997. “Really useful knowledge”: The boundaries, customs, and folklore governing recreational drug use in a sample of young people. In: P.G. Erickson, D.M. Riley, Y.W. Cheung, & P.A. O’Hare (Eds.) Harm Reduction: A New Direction for Drug Policies and Programs. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Giorgi, A. 1997. The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research procedure. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 28 (2): 235–260.
  • Greenspan, N.R.; Aguinaldo, J.P.; Husbands, W.; Murray, J.; Ho, P.; Sutdhibhasilp, N.; Cedano, J.; Lau, C.; Gray, T. & Maharaj, R. 2011. “It’s not rocket science, what I do”: Self-directed harm reduction strategies among drug using ethno-racially diverse gay and bisexual men. International Journal of Drug Policy 22 (1): 56–62.
  • Halpern, J.H. 1996. 1996. The use of hallucinogens in the treatment of addiction. Addiction Research 4 (2): 177–89.
  • Hansen, D.; Maycock, B. & Lower, T. 2001. “Weddings, parties, anything …,” a qualitative analysis of ecstasy use in Perth, Western Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy 12 (2): 181–99.
  • Hjelmblink, F.; Bernstein, C.; Uvhagen, H.; Kunkel, S. & Holmstro, I. 2007. Understanding the meaning of rehabilitation to an aphasic patient through phenomenological analysis: A case study. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being 2 (2): 93–100.
  • Hill, A.L. & Thomas, S.H.L. 2011. Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs. Clinical Toxicology 49 (8): 705–19.
  • Holt, M. & Treloar, C. 2008. Managing mental health problems in everyday life: Drug treatment clients’ self-care strategies. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 6 (3): 421–31.
  • Hsiung, R.C. 2000. The best of both worlds: An online self-help group hosted by a mental health professional. Cyber Psychology & Behavior 3 (6): 935–50.
  • Husserl, E. 1970. Logical investigation. New York: Humanities Press.
  • Jacinto, C.; Duterte, M.; Sales, P. & Murphy, S. 2008. Maximising the highs and minimising the lows: Harm reduction guidance within ecstasy distribution networks. International Journal of Drug Policy 19 (5): 393–400.
  • Karlsson, G. 1995. Psychological Qualitative Research from a Phenomenological Perspective. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
  • Kelly, J.P. 2011. Cathinone derivatives: A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Drug Testing and Analysis 3 (7–8): 439–53.
  • Kjellgren, A.; Henningsson, H. & Soussan, C. 2013. Fascination and social togetherness: Discussions about spice smoking on a Swedish Internet forum. Substance Abuse 27 (7): 191–8.
  • Kjellgren, A. & Jonsson, K. 2013. Methoxetamine (MXE): A phenomenological study of experiences induces by a “legal high” from the Internet. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 45 (3): 276–86.
  • Kjellgren, A. & Soussan, C. 2011. Heaven and hell: A phenomenological study of recreational use of 4 HO-MET in Sweden. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 43 (3): 211–19.
  • Klüver, H. 1966. Mescal and Mechanisms of Hallucinations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Kozinets, R.V. 2010. Netnography. Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Kramish, C. M.; Meier, A.; Carr, C.; Enga, Z.; James, A.S. & Reedy, J. 2001. Health behavior changes after colon cancer: A comparison of findings from face-to face and on-line focus groups. Family and Community Health 24 (3): 88–103.
  • Krupitsky, E.M.; Burakov, A.M.; Romanova, T.N.; Dunaevsky, I.V. & Grinenko, A.Y. 2001. Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KPT) in the treatment of heroin addiction: Multiple v single KPT sessions. MAPS 11 (1): 20–2.
  • Krupitsky, E.M.; Burakov, A.M.; Dunaevsky, I.V.; Romanova, M.S.; Slavina, T.Y. & Grinenko, A.Y. 2007. Single versus repeated sessions of ketamine-assisted psychotherapy for people with heroin depencence. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 39 (1): 13–9.
  • Levasseur, J.J. 2003. The problem of bracketing in phenomenology. Qualitative Health Research 13 (3): 408–20.
  • Lincoln, Y.S. & Guba, E.G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Markham, A. 2005. Reconsidering self and other: The methods, politics, and ethics of representation in online ethnography. In: N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Maxwell, J.A. 1992. Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational Review 62 (3): 279–301.
  • Miller P.G. & Sønderlund, A.L. 2010. Using the internet to research hidden populations of illicit drug users: A review. Addiction 105 (9): 1557–67.
  • Muetzelfeldt, L.; Kamboj, S.K.; Rees, H.; Taylor. J.; Morgan, C.J. & Curran, H.V. 2008. Journey through the k-hole: Phenomenological aspects of ketamine use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 95 (3): 219–29.
  • Pahnke, W.N.; Kurland, A.A.; Unger, S.; Savage, C. & Grof, S. 1970. The experimental use of psychedelic (LSD) psychotherapy. JAMA 212 (11): 1856–63.
  • Panagopoulos, I. & Ricciardelli, L.A. 2005. Harm reduction and decision making among recreational ecstasy users. International Journal of Drug Policy 16: 54–64.
  • Patton, M.Q. 2002. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Method. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
  • Ross, S. 2008. Ketamine and addiction. Primary Psychiatry 15 (9): 61–9.
  • Saba, V.K. & McCormick, K.A. 2001. Essentials of Computers for Nurses: Informatics for the New Millennium. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Schifano, F.; Albanese, A.; Fergus, S.; Stair, J.L.; Deluca, P.; Corazza, O.; Davey, Z.; Corkery, J.; Siemann, H.; Scherbaum, N.; Farre, M.; Torrens, M.; Demetrovics, Z.; Ghodse, A.H.; Psychonaut Web Mapping. & ReDNet Research Groups. 2011. Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; “meow meow”): Chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 214 (3): 593–602.
  • Schmidt, M.M.; Sharma, A.; Schifano, F. & Feinman, C. 2011. Legal highs on the net: Evaluation of UK-based websites, products and product information. Forensic Science International 206 (1–3): 92–7.
  • Shewan, D.; Dalgarno, P. & Reith, G. 2000. Perceived risk and risk reduction among ecstasy users: The role of drug, set, and setting. International Journal of Drug Policy 10 (6): 432–53.
  • Sinke, C.; Halpern, J.H.; Zedler, M.; Neufeld, J.; Emrich, H.M. & Passie, T. 2012. Genuine and drug-induced synesthesia: A comparison. Consciousness and Cognition 21 (3): 1419–34.
  • Solowij, N.; Hall, W. & Lee, N. 1992. Recreational MDMA use in Sydney: A profile of “Ecstasy” users and their experiences with the drug. British Journal of Addiction 87 (8): 1161–72.
  • Southgate, E. & Hopwood, M. 2001. The role of folk pharmacology and lay experts in harm reduction: Sydney gay drug using networks. International Journal of Drug Policy 12 (4): 321–35.
  • Stewart, S.P.; Bell, S.E.; Fletcher, N.C.; Bouazzaoui, S.; Ho, Y.C.; Speers, S.J. & Peters, K.L. 2012. Raman spectroscopy for forensic examination of β-ketophenethylamine “legal highs”: Reference and seized samples of cathinone derivatives. Analytica Chimica Acta 711: 1–6.
  • Van Hout, M.C. & Bingham, T. 2013a. “Surfing the Silk Road”: A study of users’ experiences. International Journal of Drug Policy 24 (6): 524–9.
  • Van Hout, M.C. & Bingham, T. 2013b. Responsible vendors, intelligent consumers: Silk Road: The online revolution in drug trading. International Journal of Drug Policy 25 (2): 183–9.
  • Wallendorf, M. & Belk, R.W. 1989. Assessing trustworthiness in naturalistic consumer research. In: E.C. Hirschman (Ed.) Interpretive Consumer Research (pp. 69–84). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research.
  • Walsh, C. 2011. Drugs, the Internet and change. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 43 (1): 56–63.
  • Wertz, F.J. 2005. Phenomenological research methods for counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology 52 (2): 167–177.
  • Wilson, S.M. & Peterson, L.C. 2002. The anthropology of online communities. Annual Review of Anthropology 31: 449–67.
  • Winstock, A.R.; Mitcheson, L.R.; Deluca, P.; Davey, Z.; Corazza, O. & Schifano, F. 2011. Mephedrone, new kid for the chop? Addiction 106 (1): 154–61.
  • Wittel, A. 2000. Ethnography on the move: From field to net to Internet. Forum: Qualitative Social Research 1 (1). Available at: http://www.qualitativeresearch.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1131/2517. Accessed May 6, 2014.
  • Wood, D.; Cottrell, A.; Baker, S.C.; Southgate, J.; Harris, M.; Fulford, S.; Woodhouse, C. & Gillatt, D. 2011. Recreational ketamine: From pleasure to pain. BJU International 107 (12): 1881–84.
  • Zuba, D. & Byrska, B. 2013. Prevalence and co-existence of active components of “legal highs.” Drug Testing and Analysis 5 (6): 420–9.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.