86
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Examining Symptoms of Stimulant Misuse and Community Support Among Members of a Recovery-Oriented Online Community

, MS, MSW, , PhD, , , BA, , MSW, & , PhD show all
Pages 422-432 | Received 01 Aug 2022, Accepted 09 Jun 2023, Published online: 29 Jun 2023

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). 2013. “Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5.” Arlington, VA.
  • Bolívar, H. A., E. M. Klemperer, S. R. M. Coleman, M. DeSarno, J. M. Skelly, and S. T. Higgins. 2021. Contingency management for patients receiving medication for opioid use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 78 (10):1092–102. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1969.
  • Brett, E. I., E. M. Stevens, T. L. Wagener, E. L. Leavens, T. L. Morgan, W. D. Cotton, and E. T. Hébert. 2019. A content analysis of JUUL discussions on social media: Using Reddit to understand patterns and perceptions of JUUL use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 194:358–62. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.014.
  • Carlon, H. A., G. Peters, and M. C. Villarosa-Hurlocker. 2022. When stimulant use becomes problematic: examining the role of coping styles. Substance Use & Misuse 57 (3):442–51. doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.2019774.
  • Carlson, P. J., M. C. Merlock, and T. Suppes. 2004. Adjunctive stimulant use in patients with bipolar disorder: Treatment of residual depression and sedation. Bipolar Disorders 6 (5):416–20. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00132.x.
  • Cavazos-Rehg, P., R. Grucza, M. J. Krauss, A. Smarsh, N. Anako, E. Kasson, N. Kaiser, S. Sansone, R. Winograd, and L. J. Bierut. 2019. Utilizing social media to explore overdose and HIV/HCV risk behaviors among current opioid misusers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 205:107690. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107690.
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2022. “Drug overdose deaths: other drugs.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed January 21. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/deaths/other-drugs.html.
  • Charach, A., A. Ickowicz, and R. Schachar. 2004. Stimulant treatment over five years: Adherence, effectiveness, and adverse effects. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 43 (5):559–67. doi:10.1097/00004583-200405000-00009.
  • Chen, L.-Y., R. M. Crum, E. C. Strain, G. C. Alexander, C. Kaufmann, and R. Mojtabai. 2016. Prescriptions, nonmedical use, and emergency department visits involving prescription stimulants. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 77 (3):e297–e304. doi:10.4088/JCP.14m09291.
  • Chen, X., C. Faviez, S. Schuck, A. Lillo-Le-Louët, N. Texier, B. Dahamna, C. Huot, P. Foulquié, S. Pereira, V. Leroux, Karapetiantz, P. 2018. Mining patients’ narratives in social media for pharmacovigilance: Adverse effects and misuse of methylphenidate. Frontiers in Pharmacology 9:541. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00541.
  • Cole, V. T., and A. M. Hussong. 2020. Psychosocial functioning among college students who misuse stimulants versus other drugs. Addictive Behaviors 105:106290. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106290.
  • Compton, W. M., B. Han, C. Blanco, K. Johnson, and C. M. Jones. 2018. Prevalence and correlates of prescription stimulant use, misuse, use disorders, and motivations for misuse among adults in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry 175 (8):741–55. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17091048.
  • D’Agostino, A. R., A. R. Optican, S. J. Sowles, M. J. Krauss, K. E. Lee, and P. A. Cavazos-Rehg. 2017. Social networking online to recover from opioid use disorder: A study of community interactions. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 181:5–10. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.010.
  • De Choudhury, M, E. Kiciman, M. Dredze, G. Coppersmith, and M. Kumar. 2016. “Discovering shifts to suicidal ideation from mental health content in social media.” Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, San Jose, CA.
  • De Choudhury, M., and D. Sushovan 2014. “Mental health discourse on reddit: Self-disclosure, social support, and anonymity.” Eighth international AAAI conference on weblogs and social media, Ann Arbor, MI.
  • Ellway, D., R. Reilly, A. Le Couteur, and J. Ward. 2019. Exploring how people affected by methamphetamine exchange social support through online interactions on Facebook: Content analysis. JMIR Mental Health 6 (10):e14011. doi:10.2196/14011.
  • Francis, A. R., L. L. Weyandt, A. D. Anastopoulos, G. J. DuPaul, and E. Shepard. 2021. Outcomes and predictors of stimulant misuse in college students with and without ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 26 (5):779–93. doi:10.1177/10870547211027650.
  • Garg, S., J. Taylor, M. El Sherief, E. Kasson, T. Aledavood, R. Riordan, N. Kaiser, P. Cavazos-Rehg, and M. De Choudhury. 2021. Detecting risk level in individuals misusing fentanyl utilizing posts from an online community on Reddit. Internet Interventions 26:100467. doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100467.
  • Gauthier, R. P., M. J., Costello, and J. R. Wallace. 2022. ”I Will Not Drink With You Today”: a topic-guided thematic analysis of addiction recovery on reddit”. Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New Orleans, LA.
  • Green, A. S. 2019. Stimulant use disorders and related emergencies. In Substance use and the acute psychiatric patient 51–68. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23961-3_3.
  • Green, J. L., S. K. Vosburg, R. Robbins, S. V. Faraone, and K. M. Antshel. 2021. Substance use trajectories: Nonmedical use (NMU) of prescription stimulants via non-oral routes of administration among adults recruited from Reddit. CNS Spectrums 26 (2):166–67. doi:10.1017/S1092852920002692.
  • Hadland, S. E., and B. D. Marshall. 2021. Rising stimulant overdoses among young people in the United States. Pediatrics 147 (1). doi:10.1542/peds.2020-031526.
  • Han, B., W. M. Compton, C. M. Jones, E. B. Einstein, and N. D. Volkow. 2021. Methamphetamine use, methamphetamine use disorder, and associated overdose deaths among US adults. JAMA Psychiatry 78 (12):1329–42. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2588.
  • Hanson, C. L., S. H. Burton, C. Giraud-Carrier, J. H. West, M. D. Barnes, and B. Hansen. 2013. Tweaking and tweeting: Exploring Twitter for nonmedical use of a psychostimulant drug (Adderall) among college students. Journal of Medical Internet Research 15 (4):e2503. doi:10.2196/jmir.2503.
  • Jha, M. K., A. Minhajuddin, C. Chin Fatt, S. Shoptaw, K. Kircanski, A. Stringaris, E. Leibenluft, and M. Trivedi. 2021. Irritability as an independent predictor of concurrent and future suicidal ideation in adults with stimulant use disorder: Findings from the STRIDE study. Journal of Affective Disorders 292:108–13. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.019.
  • Jones, C. M., W. M. Compton, and D. Mustaquim. 2020. Patterns and characteristics of methamphetamine use among adults—United States, 2015–2018. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69 (12):317. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6912a1.
  • Kazemi, D. M., B. Borsari, M. J. Levine, and B. Dooley. 2017. Systematic review of surveillance by social media platforms for illicit drug use. Journal of Public Health 39 (4):763–76. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdx020.
  • Kepner, W., M. C. Meacham, and A. L. Nobles. 2022. Types and sources of stigma on opioid use treatment and recovery communities on reddit. Substance Use & Misuse 57 (10):1511–22. doi:10.1080/10826084.2022.2091786.
  • Kim, M. G., J. Kim, S. C. Kim, and J. Jeong. 2020. Twitter analysis of the nonmedical use and side effects of methylphenidate: machine learning study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 22 (2):e16466. doi:10.2196/16466.
  • Lakhan, S. E., and A. Kirchgessner. 2012. Prescription stimulants in individuals with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Misuse, cognitive impact, and adverse effects. Brain and Behavior 2 (5):661–77. doi:10.1002/brb3.78.
  • LaRue, L., R. K. Twillman, E. Dawson, P. Whitley, M. A. Frasco, A. Huskey, and M. G. Guevara. 2019. Rate of fentanyl positivity among urine drug test results positive for cocaine or methamphetamine. JAMA Network Open 2 (4):e192851–e192851. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2851.
  • Lea, T., N. Amada, and H. Jungaberle. 2020. Psychedelic microdosing: A subreddit analysis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 52 (2):101–12. doi:10.1080/02791072.2019.1683260.
  • Leventhal, A. M., M. Brightman, K. J. Ameringer, J. Greenberg, L. Mickens, L. A. Ray, P. Sun, and S. Sussman. 2010. Anhedonia associated with stimulant use and dependence in a population-based sample of American adults. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 18 (6):562. doi:10.1037/a0021964.
  • Lu, J., S. Sridhar, R. Pandey, M. Al Hasan, and G. Mohler. 2019. Redditors in recovery: Text mining reddit to investigate transitions into drug addiction. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data Seattle, WA. arXiv:1903.04081.
  • Miller, B. 2020. Investigating reddit self-disclosure and confessions in relation to connectedness, social support, and life satisfaction. Journal of Social Media in Society 9 (1):39–62.
  • Naslund, J. A., K. A. Aschbrenner, L. A. Marsch, and S. J. Bartels. 2016. The future of mental health care: Peer-to-peer support and social media. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 25 (2):113–22. doi:10.1017/S2045796015001067.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). 2018a. “Five million American adults misusing prescription stimulants.” https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/news-releases/2018/04/five-million-american-adults-misusing-prescription-stimulants.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). 2018b. “Prescription Stimulants DrugFacts.” https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-stimulants.
  • Novak, S. P., A. Håkansson, J. Martinez-Raga, J. Reimer, K. Krotki, and S. Varughese. 2016. Nonmedical use of prescription drugs in the European Union. BMC Psychiatry 16 (1):1–12. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0909-3.
  • O’Donnell, J. K., J. Halpin, C. L. Mattson, B. A. Goldberger, and M. R. Gladden. 2017. Deaths involving fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and U-47700 - 10 States, July-December 2016. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66 (43):1197–202. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6643e1.
  • Parrott, A. C. 2015. Why all stimulant drugs are damaging to recreational users: An empirical overview and psychobiological explanation. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental 30 (4):213–24. doi:10.1002/hup.2468.
  • Parrott, A. C., A. C. Hayley, and L. A. Downey. 2017. Recreational stimulants, herbal, and spice cannabis: The core psychobiological processes that underlie their damaging effects. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental 32 (3):e2594. doi:10.1002/hup.2594.
  • Pestana, J., F. Beccaria, and E. Petrilli. 2021. Psychedelic substance use in the Reddit psychonaut community. A qualitative study on motives and modalities. Drugs and Alcohol Today 21 (2):112–23. doi:10.1108/DAT-03-2020-0016.
  • Quello, S. B., K. T. Brady, and S. C. Sonne. 2005. Mood disorders and substance use disorder: A complex comorbidity. Science & Practice Perspectives 3 (1):13. doi:10.1151/spp053113.
  • Robinson, P., D. Turk, S. Jilka, and M. Cella. 2019. Measuring attitudes towards mental health using social media: Investigating stigma and trivialisation. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 54 (1):51–58. doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1571-5.
  • Sara, G., P. Burgess, M. Harris, G. S. Malhi, H. Whiteford, and W. Hall. 2012. Stimulant use disorders: Characteristics and comorbidity in an Australian population sample. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 46 (12):1173–81. doi:10.1177/0004867412461057.
  • Sarker, A., K. O’Connor, R. Ginn, M. Scotch, K. Smith, D. Malone, and G. Gonzalez. 2016. Social media mining for toxicovigilance: Automatic monitoring of prescription medication abuse from Twitter. Drug Safety 39 (3):231–40. doi:10.1007/s40264-015-0379-4.
  • Slemon, A., C. McAuliffe, T. Goodyear, L. McGuinness, E. Shaffer, and E. K. Jenkins. 2021. Reddit users’ experiences of suicidal thoughts during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative analysis of r/Covid19_support posts. Frontiers in Public Health 9:693153. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.693153.
  • Sowles, S. J., M. J. Krauss, L. Gebremedhn, and P. A. Cavazos-Rehg. 2017. “I feel like I’ve hit the bottom and have no idea what to do”: Supportive social networking on Reddit for individuals with a desire to quit cannabis use. Substance Abuse 38 (4):477–82.
  • Sowles, S. J., M. McLeary, A. Optican, E. Cahn, M. J. Krauss, E. E. Fitzsimmons-Craft, D. E. Wilfley, and P. A. Cavazos-Rehg. 2018. A content analysis of an online pro-eating disorder community on Reddit. Body Image 24:137–44. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.01.001.
  • Statista. 2021. “Percentage of US adults who use reddit.” Statista, Inc., accessed November 30. https://www.statista.com/statistics/261766/share-of-us-internet-users-who-use-reddit-by-age-group/.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2020. “Treatment of stimulant use disorders.” https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-06-01-001_508.pdf.
  • Thorpy, M. 2007. Therapeutic advances in narcolepsy. Sleep Medicine 8 (4):427–40. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.004.
  • Timko, C., X. Han, E. Woodhead, A. Shelley, and M. A. Cucciare. 2018. Polysubstance use by stimulant users: Health outcomes over three years. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 79 (5):799–807. doi:10.15288/jsad.2018.79.799.
  • Verdi, G., L. L. Weyandt, and B. Martinez Zavras. 2016. Non-medical prescription stimulant use in graduate students: Relationship with academic self-efficacy and psychological variables. Journal of Attention Disorders 20 (9):741–53. doi:10.1177/1087054714529816.
  • Warden, D., K. Sanchez, T. Greer, T. Carmody, R. Walker, A. Dela Cruz, M. Toups, C. Rethorst, and M. H. Trivedi. 2016. Demographic and clinical characteristics of current comorbid psychiatric disorders in a randomized clinical trial for adults with stimulant use disorders. Psychiatry Research 246:136–41. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.007.
  • Weyandt, L. L., G. Janusis, K. G. Wilson, G. Verdi, G. Paquin, J. Lopes, M. Varejao, and C. Dussault. 2009. Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among a sample of college students: Relationship with psychological variables. Journal of Attention Disorders 13 (3):284–96. doi:10.1177/1087054709342212.
  • Weyandt, L. L., D. R. Oster, M. E. Marraccini, B. Gyda Gudmundsdottir, B. A. Munro, E. S. Rathkey, and A. McCallum. 2016. Prescription stimulant medication misuse: Where are we and where do we go from here? Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 24 (5):400. doi:10.1037/pha0000093.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.