126
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Pre-Post Cannabis Legalization for Adult Use: A Trend Study of Two Cohorts of Young Adult Cannabis Users in Los Angeles

, DrPHORCID Icon, , MPH, , MSW, , DrPH, , PhD, , PhD & , PhD show all
Received 03 Mar 2023, Accepted 11 Oct 2023, Published online: 24 Nov 2023

References

  • Alley, Z. M., D. C. R. Kerr, and H. Bae. 2020. Trends in college students’ alcohol, nicotine, prescription opioid and other drug use after recreational marijuana legalization: 2008-2018. Addictive Behaviors 102:106212. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106212.
  • Arnett, J. J. 2005. The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues 35 (2):235–54. doi:10.1177/002204260503500202.
  • Bandi, P., Z. Cahn, A. Goding Sauer, C. E. Douglas, J. Drope, A. Jemal, and S. A. Fedewa. 2021. Trends in e-cigarette use by age group and combustible cigarette smoking histories, U.S. adults, 2014-2018. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 60 (2):151–58. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.07.026.
  • Bidwell, L. C., R. Martin-Willett, and H. C. Karoly. 2021. Advancing the science on cannabis concentrates and behavioural health. Drug & Alcohol Review 40 (6):900–13. doi:10.1111/dar.13281.
  • Biernacki, P., and D. Waldorf. 1981. Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods & Research 10 (2):141–63. doi:10.1177/004912418101000205.
  • Boakye, E., O. H. Obisesan, S. M. I. Uddin, O. El-Shahawy, O. Dzaye, A. D. Osei, E. J. Benjamin, A. C. Stokes, R. M. Robertson, A. Bhatnagar, et al. 2021. Cannabis vaping among adults in the United States: Prevalence, trends, and association with high-risk behaviors and adverse respiratory conditions. Preventive Medicine 153:106800. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106800.
  • Brooks-Russell, A., M. Ma, A. H. Levinson, L. Kattari, T. Kirchner, E. M. Anderson Goodell, and R. M. Johnson. 2019. Adolescent marijuana use, marijuana-related perceptions, and use of other substances before and after initiation of retail marijuana sales in Colorado (2013-2015). Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research 20 (2):185–93. doi:10.1007/s11121-018-0933-2.
  • California Department of Cannabis Control. 2023. Responsible cannabis use. https://cannabis.ca.gov/consumers/responsible-cannabis-use/ (assessed July, 2023).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. Smoking and youth – Surgeon General’s report on smoking & health. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/50th-anniversary/pdfs/fs_smoking_youth_508.pdf
  • Cerdá, M., C. Mauro, A. Hamilton, N. S. Levy, J. Santaella-Tenorio, D. Hasin, M. M. Wall, K. M. Keyes, and S. S. Martins. 2020. Association between recreational marijuana legalization in the United States and changes in marijuana use and cannabis use disorder from 2008 to 2016. JAMA Psychiatry 77 (2):165–71. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3624.
  • Cerdá, M., M. Wall, T. Feng, K. M. Keyes, A. Sarvet, J. Schulenberg, P. M. O’Malley, R. L. Pacula, S. Galea, and D. S. Hasin. 2017. Association of state recreational marijuana laws with adolescent marijuana use. JAMA Pediatrics 171 (2):142–49. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3254.
  • Choi, N. G., D. M. DiNitto, and C. N. Marti. 2017. Nonmedical versus medical marijuana use among three age groups of adults: Associations with mental and physical health status. The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism & Addictions 26 (7):697–706. doi:10.1111/ajad.12598.
  • Coley, R. L., C. Kruzik, M. Ghiani, N. Carey, S. S. Hawkins, and C. F. Baum. 2021. Recreational marijuana legalization and adolescent use of marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 69 (1):41–49. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.019.
  • Compton, W. M., B. Han, A. Hughes, C. M. Jones, and C. Blanco. 2017. Use of marijuana for medical purposes among adults in the United States. JAMA 317 (2):209–11. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.18900.
  • Creswell, J. W. 2012. Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. http://repository.unmas.ac.id/medias/journal/EBK-00121.pdf.
  • Dai, H., and A. M. Leventhal. 2019. Prevalence of e-cigarette use among adults in the United States, 2014-2018. JAMA 322 (18):1824–27. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.15331.
  • Dills, A., S. Goffard, J. Miron, and E. Partin 2021. The effect of state marijuana legalizations. CATO. https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/effect-state-marijuana-legalizations-2021-update.
  • Fedorova, E. V., J. Ataiants, C. F. Wong, E. Iverson, and S. E. Lankenau. 2022. Changes in medical cannabis patient status before and after cannabis legalization in California: Associations with cannabis and other drug use. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 54 (2):129–39. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.026.
  • Fedorova, E. V., S. M. Schrager, L. F. Robinson, A. Cepeda, C. F. Wong, E. Iverson, and S. E. Lankenau. 2019. Illicit drug use and prescription drug misuse among young adult medical cannabis patients and non-patient users in Los Angeles. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 198:21–27. doi:10.1080/02791072.2021.1926604.
  • Fleming, C. B., K. Guttmannova, C. Cambron, I. C. Rhew, and S. Oesterle. 2016. Examination of the divergence in trends for adolescent marijuana use and marijuana-specific risk factors in Washington State. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 59 (3):269–75. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.05.008.
  • Fleming, C. B., J. J. Ramirez, I. C. Rhew, B. A. Hultgren, K. G. Hanson, M. E. Larimer, J. Dilley, J. R. Kilmer, and K. Guttmannova. 2022. Trends in alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette, and nonprescribed pain reliever use among young adults in Washington State after legalization of nonmedical cannabis. Journal of Adolescent Health 71 (1):47–54. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.03.006.
  • Giombi, K. C., K. M. Kosa, C. Rains, and S. C. Cates. 2018. Consumers’ perceptions of edible marijuana products for recreational use: Likes, dislikes, and reasons for use. Substance Use & Misuse 53 (4):541–47. doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1343353.
  • Gould, J., R. Donnelly, and B. Innacchione. 2019. Turning over a new leaf in Colorado: An exploration of legalized recreational marijuana preferences, leisure interests, and leisure motivations in a sample of young adults. World Leisure Journal 61 (2):113–30. doi:10.1080/16078055.2018.1521866.
  • Hall, W., and M. Lynskey. 2016. Evaluating the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States. Addiction 111 (10):1764–73. doi:10.1111/add.13428.
  • Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Highway Loss Data Institute (IIHS HLDI). 2023. Marijuana laws. https://www.iihs.org/topics/alcohol-and-drugs/marijuana-laws-table
  • Jones, C. B., M. L. Hill, D. A. Pardini, and M. H. Meier. 2016. Prevalence and correlates of vaping cannabis in a sample of young adults. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors 30 (8):915–21. doi:10.1037/adb0000217.
  • Jones, J., K. Nicole Jones, and J. Peil. 2018. The impact of the legalization of recreational marijuana on college students. Addictive Behaviors 77:255–59. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.015.
  • Kerr, D. C. R., H. Bae, and A. L. Koval. 2018. Oregon recreational marijuana legalization: Changes in undergraduates’ marijuana use rates from 2008 to 2016. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors 32 (6):670–78. doi:10.1037/adb0000385.
  • Kerr, D. C. R., H. Bae, S. Phibbs, and A. C. Kern. 2017. Changes in undergraduates’ marijuana, heavy alcohol and cigarette use following legalization of recreational marijuana use in Oregon. Addiction 112 (11):1992–2001. doi:10.1111/add.13906.
  • Khurana, S., E. V. Fedorova, H. Kaur, A. Mitchell, S. Kosdon, J. Ataiants, B. Conn, C. F. Wong, and S. E. Lankenau. 2022. “I feel validated”: Participation in a medical cannabis program in the context of legalized recreational use. Journal of Drug Issues 52 (4):601–15. Issues:002204262210979. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/00220426221097924.
  • Kilmer, J. R., I. C. Rhew, K. Guttmannova, C. B. Fleming, B. A. Hultgren, M. S. Gilson, R. L. Cooper, J. Dilley, and M. E. Larimer. 2022. Cannabis use among young adults in Washington State after legalization of nonmedical cannabis. American Journal of Public Health 112 (4):638–45. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2021.306641.
  • Kim, J. H., A. H. Weinberger, J. Zhu, J. Barrington-Trimis, K. Wyka, and R. D. Goodwin. 2021. Impact of state-level cannabis legalization on poly use of alcohol and cannabis in the United States, 2004–2017. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 218:108364. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108364.
  • Lankenau, S. E., J. Ataiants, S. Mohanty, S. Schrager, E. Iverson, and C. F. Wong. 2018. Health conditions and motivations for marijuana use among young adult medical marijuana patients and non-patient marijuana users. Drug & Alcohol Review 37 (2):237–46. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.025.
  • Lankenau, S. E., E. V. Fedorova, M. Reed, S. M. Schrager, E. Iverson, and C. F. Wong. 2017. Marijuana practices and patterns of use among young adult medical marijuana patients and non-patient marijuana users. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 170:181–88. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.025.
  • Leafly. 2023. Edibles dosing for beginners: With dosage chart by milligrams. https://www.leafly.com/learn/consume/edibles/edible-dosing.
  • Lin, L. A., M. A. Ilgen, M. Jannausch, and K. M. Bohnert. 2016. Comparing adults who use cannabis medically with those who use recreationally: Results from a national sample. Addictive Behaviors 61:99–103. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.015.
  • Mason, W. A., C. B. Fleming, J. L. Ringle, K. Hanson, T. J. Gross, and K. P. Haggerty. 2016. Prevalence of marijuana and other substance use before and after Washington State’s change from legal medical marijuana to legal medical and nonmedical marijuana: Cohort comparisons in a sample of adolescents. Substance Abuse: Official Publication of the Association for Medical Education & Research in Substance Abuse 37 (2):330–35. doi:10.1080/08897077.2015.1071723.
  • Mennis, J., G. J. Stahler, and M. J. Mason. 2021. Treatment admissions for opioids, cocaine, and methamphetamines among adolescents and emerging adults after legalization of recreational marijuana. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 122:108228. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108228.
  • Metrik, J., S. S. Bassett, E. R. Aston, K. M. Jackson, and B. Borsari. 2018. Medicinal versus recreational cannabis use among returning veterans. Translational Issues in Psychological Science 4 (1):6–20. doi:10.1037/tps0000133.
  • Miller, A. M., R. Rosenman, and B. W. Cowan. 2017. Recreational marijuana legalization and college student use: Early evidence. SSM Population Health 3:649–57. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.001.
  • MJBizDaily. 2022. U.S. cannabis sales by state. https://mjbizdaily.com/uscannabis-sales-by-state/.
  • National Conference of State Legislatures. 2023. State medical cannabis laws. Accessed July 2023. https://www.ncsl.org/health/state-medical-cannabis-laws.
  • Pacula, R. L., J. G. Blanchette, M. C. Lira, R. Smart, and T. S. Naimi. 2021. Current U.S. state cannabis sales limits allow large doses for use or diversion. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 60 (5):701–05. doi:10.1111/add.13282.
  • Parnes, J. E., J. K. Smith, and B. T. Conner. 2018. Reefer madness or much ado about nothing? Cannabis legalization outcomes among young adults in the United States. The International Journal on Drug Policy 56:116–20. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.011.
  • Reed, M., A. Kioumarsi, J. Ataiants, E. V. Fedorova, E. Iverson, C. F. Wong, and S. E. Lankenau. 2020. Marijuana sources in a medical marijuana environment: Dynamics in access and use among a cohort of young adults in Los Angeles, California. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 27 (1):69–78. doi:10.1080/09687637.2018.1557595.
  • Richmond, M. K., F. C. Pampel, L. S. Rivera, K. B. Broderick, B. Reimann, and L. Fischer. 2015. Frequency and risk of marijuana use among substance-using health care patients in Colorado with and without access to state legalized medical marijuana. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 47 (1):1–9. doi:10.1080/02791072.2014.991008.
  • Roy-Byrne, P., C. Maynard, K. Bumgardner, A. Krupski, C. Dunn, I. I. West, D. Donovan, D. C. Atkins, and R. Ries. 2015. Are medical marijuana users different from recreational users? The view from primary care. The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism & Addictions 24 (7):599–606. doi:10.1111/ajad.12270.
  • Shih, R. A., A. Rodriguez, L. Parast, E. R. Pedersen, J. S. Tucker, W. M. Troxel, L. Kraus, J. P. Davis, and E. J. D’Amico. 2019. Associations between young adult marijuana outcomes and availability of medical marijuana dispensaries and storefront signage. Addiction 114 (12):2162–70. doi:10.1111/add.14711.
  • Smart, R., J. P. Caulkins, B. Kilmer, S. Davenport, and G. Midgette. 2017. Variation in cannabis potency and prices in a newly legal market: Evidence from 30 million cannabis sales in Washington state. Addiction 112 (12):2167–77. doi:10.1111/add.13886.
  • Smart, R., and R. L. Pacula. 2019. Early evidence of the impact of cannabis legalization on cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and the use of other substances: Findings from state policy evaluations. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 45 (6):644–63. doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1669626.
  • Stewart, M. W., and M. A. Moreno. 2013. Changes in attitudes, intentions, and behaviors toward tobacco and marijuana during U.S. students’ first year of college. Tob Use Insights 6:7–16. doi:10.4137/TUI.S11325.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2015. 2014-2015. National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality.https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHsaePercents2015.pdf
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2019. 2018-2019. National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt32805/2019NSDUHsaeExcelPercents/2019NSDUHsaeExcelPercents/2019NSDUHsaePercents.pdf
  • Sznitman, S. R. 2017. Do recreational cannabis users, unlicensed and licensed medical cannabis users form distinct groups? The International Journal on Drug Policy 42:15–21. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.11.010.
  • Watters, J. K., and P. Biernacki. 1989. Targeted sampling: Options for the study of hiddenpopulations. Social Problems 36 (4):416–30. doi:10.2307/800824.
  • Wilkinson, S. T., S. Yarnell, R. Radhakrishnan, S. A. Ball, and D. C. D’Souza. 2016. Marijuana legalization: Impact on physicians and public health. Annual Review of Medicine 67:453–66. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050214-013454.
  • Wong, C. F., S. E. A. Mendez, B. M. Conn, E. Iverson, and S. E. Lankenau. 2021. Attitudes and beliefs about recreational cannabis legalization among cannabis-using young adults in Los Angeles: Impact on concurrent cannabis practices and problematic cannabis use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 228:109053. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109053.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.