Late Autumn Frost Resistance of Twelve North European Provenances of Quercus Species

References

• Aho , M. L. 1994 . Autumn frost hardening of one-year-old Pinus sylvestris (L.) seedlings: effect of origin and parent trees . Scand. J. For. Res. , 9 : 17 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Anekonda , T. S. , Adams , W. T. and Aitken , S. N. 1998 . Influence of second flushing on genetic assessment of cold hardiness in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) . For. Ecol. Manage. , 111 : 119 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Anon. 1985. SAS/STAT Guide for Personal Computers. Version 6 edn. SAS Institute, Cary, NC. ISBN 0-917382-84.6.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan , R. M. and Jefferies , R. A. 1990 . The use of chlorophyll fluorescence in assessment of low temperature hardiness in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 117 : 667 – 672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butin, H. & Shigo, H. L. 1981. Radial shakes and “frost cracks” in living oak trees. USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. NE-478, 10 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Clement , J. M. A. M. and Van-Hasselt , P. R. 1996 . Chlorophyll fluorescence as a parameter for frost hardiness in winter wheat: a comparison with other hardiness parameters . Phyton (Horn.) , 36 : 29 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deans , J. D. and Harvey , F. J. 1995 . Phenologies of sixteen European provenances of sessile oak growing in Scotland . Forestry , 68 : 265 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deans , J. D. and Harvey , F. J. 1996 . Frost hardiness of 16 European provenances of sessile oak growing in Scotland . Forestry , 69 : 5 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deans , J. D. , Billington , H. L. and Harvey , F. J. 1992 . Winter frost hardiness of two Chilean provenances of Nothofagus procera growing in Scotland . Forestry , 65 : 205 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deans , J. D. , Billington , H. L. and Harvey , F. J. 1995 . Assessment of frost damage to leaf-less stem tissues of Quercus petraea: a reappraisal of the method of relative conductivity . Forestry , 68 : 25 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Dengler, A. 1944. Frostschäden an Stiel- und Traubeneichen. Z. ges. Forstw. 76: 155–158. (In German.)
   Google Scholar
• Ducousso , A. , Guyon , J. P. and Kremer , A. 1996 . Latitudinal and altitudinal variation of bud burst in western populations of sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl) . Ann. Sci. For. , 53 : 775 – 782 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finney, D. J. 1971. Probit Analysis. 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 052108041X.
   Google Scholar
• Glerum, C. 1985. Frost hardiness of coniferous seedlings: principles and applications. In Duryea, M. L. (ed.). Proceedings: Evaluating Seedling Quality: Principles, Procedures, and Predictive Abilities of Major Tests, pp. 107–123. Oregon State University, Corvallis. ISBN 0-87437-000-0.
   Google Scholar
• Graudal , L. , Kjær , E. D. and Canger , S. 1995 . A systematic approach to conservation of genetic resources of trees and shrubs in Denmark . For. Ecol. Manage. , 73 : 117 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Howe , G. T. , Aitken , S. N. , Neale , D. B. , Jermstad , K. D. , Wheeler , N. C. and Chen , T. H. H. 2003 . From genotype to phenotype: unraveling the complexities of cold adaptation in forest trees . Can. J. Bot. , 81 : 1247 – 1266 .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , J. S. 2000a . Provenance variation in phenotypic traits in Quercus robur and Quercus petraea in Danish provenance trials . Scand. J. For. Res. , 15 : 297 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , J. S. 2000b . Breeding of broadleaves in a Nordic perspective . Baltic Foresters , 6 : 67 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Ledig , F. T. 1993 . Genetics of oak species and the spectre of global climate change . Ann. Sci. For. , 50 (Suppl. 1) : 456 – 460 .
   Google Scholar
• Li, P. H. & Christersson, L. (eds). 1993. Advances in Plant Cold Hardiness. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN 0-8493-4950-8
   Google Scholar
• Liepe , K. 1993 . Growth-chamber trial on frost hardiness and field trial on flushing of sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) . Ann. Sci. For. , 50 (Suppl. 1) : 208 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Nicoll , B. C. , Redfern , D. B. and McKay , H. M. 1996 . Autumn frost damage: clonal variation in Sitka spruce . For. Ecol. Manage. , 80 : 107 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , M. B. , Cape , J. N. and Fowler , D. 1989 . Quantification of frost damage in plant tissues by rates of electrolytic leakage . New Phytol. , 113 : 307 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odlum , K. D. and Blake , J. 1996 . A comparison of analytical approaches for assessing freezing damage in black spruce using electrolyte leakage methods . Can. J. Bot. , 74 : 952 – 958 .
   Google Scholar
• Petit , R. J. , Csaikl , U. M. , Bordács , S. , Burg , K. and Court , E. 2002 . Chloroplast DNA variation in European white oaks: phylogeography and patterns of diversity based on data from over 2600 populations . For. Ecol. Manage. , 156 : 5 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repo , T. , Hanninen , H. and Kellomaki , S. 1996 . The effects of long-term elevation of air temperature and CO2 on the frost hardiness of Scots pine . Plant Cell Environ. , 19 : 209 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repo , T. , Zhang , G. , Ryyppo , A. and Rikala , R. 2000 . The electrical impedance spectroscopy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) shoots in relation to cold acclimation . J. Exp. Bot. , 51 : 2095 – 2107 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rizza , F. , Pagani , D. , Stanca , A. M. and Cattivelli , L. 2001 . Use of chlorophyll fluorescence to evaluate the cold acclimation and freezing tolerance of winter and spring oats . Plant Breed. , 120 : 389 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai, A. & Larcher, W. 1987. Frost Survival of Plants: Responses and Adaptation to Freezing Stress. Springer, Berlin. ISSN 0070-8356.
   Google Scholar
• Sarvas , M. 2001 . The influence of physiological activity on the rate of electrolyte leakage from beech and oak planting stock . J. For. Sci. Prague , 47 (4) : 174 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Sheppard , L. J. , Rosengren , U. and Emmett , B. A. 2003 . Do nitrogen additions change the sensitivity of detached shoots from Sitka and Norway spruce to freezing temperatures? Evidence from three field manipulation studies . Scand. J. For. Res. , 18 : 487 – 498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegismund , H. R. and Jensen , J. S. 2001 . Intrapopulation and interpopulation genetic variation of Quercus in Denmark . Scand. J. For. Res. , 16 : 103 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, B. R., Venne, H. & Liepe, K. 1996. Intraspecific variation of Quercus petraea in relation to budburst and growth cessation. European Commission. In Kremer, A. & Mus, H. J. (eds). Inter- and Intra-specific Variation in European Oaks: Evolutionary Implications and Practical Consequences, pp. 165–183. European Commission Bruvelles ISBN 92-827-5993-8.
   Google Scholar
• Stener, L.-G., Sundblad, L.-G. & Werner, M. 2002a. Study of phenological traits and frost hardiness in beech. Report No. 1. SkogForsk, 41 pp. ISSN 1103-6648.
   Google Scholar
• Stener, L.-G. Sundblad, L.-G. & Werner, M. 2002b. Frost-hardiness testing using the electrolyte-leakage method in a Danish beech provenance trial. Report No. 2. SkogForsk, 28 pp. ISSN 1103-6648.
   Google Scholar
• Sundblad , L.-G. , Andersson , M. , Geladi , P. , Salomonson , A. and Sjöström , M. 2001 . Fast, nondestructive measurement of frost hardiness in conifer seedlings by VIS+NIR spectroscopy . Tree Physiol. , 21 : 751 – 757 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsarouhas , V. , Kenney , W. A. and Zsuffa , L. 2000 . Application of two electrical methods for the rapid assessment of freezing resistance in Salix eriocephala . Biomass Bioenergy , 19 : 165 – 175 .
   Google Scholar