75
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Height development of Betula pubescens following precommercial thinning by breaking or cutting the treetops in different seasons

Pages 136-145 | Received 08 Jul 2004, Accepted 01 Dec 2004, Published online: 18 Feb 2007

References

References

  • Anon (1988) SAS/STAT user's guide Release 6.03. Cary NC SAS Institute.
  • Bäckström P-O (1984) Ungskogsröjning och lövbehandling Sver. Skogsvårdsförb. Tidskr. 3–4 5 14 (In Swedish with English summary.)
  • Bøllehus E (1997) Kombinationsmaskine til fældning av flistræer. Maskinrapport 16 København Skov- og Naturstyrelsen (In Danish.)
  • Bulley B Bowling C Niznowski G (1997) Jack pine leader clipping trial: Fifth-year results TR-106. Thunder Bay Ontario Ontario Mineral and Natural Resources, Northwest Science & Technology
  • Collet , C , Ningre , F and Frochot , H . (1998) . Modifying the microclimate around young oaks through vegetation manipulation: Effects on seedling growth and branching . Forest Ecology and Management , 110 : 249 – 262 .
  • Danell , K , Huss-Danell , K and Bergström , R . (1985) . Interactions between browsing moose and two species of birch in Sweden . Ecology , 66 : 1867 – 1878 .
  • Danell , K , Bergström , R and Edenius , L . (1994) . Effects of large mammalian browsers on architecture, biomass, and nutrients of woody plants . Journal of Mammalogy , 75 : 833 – 844 .
  • Donnely , JR . (1974) . Seasonal changes in photosynthate transport within elongating shoots of Populus grandidentata . Canadian Journal of Botany , 52 : 2547 – 2559 .
  • Eliasson , L and Lageson , H . (1999) . Simulation study of a single-grip harvester in thinning from below and thinning from above . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 14 : 589 – 595 .
  • Etholén , K . (1974) . The effect of felling time on the sprouting of Betula pubescens and Populus tremula in the seedling stands in northern Finland . Folia Forestalia , 213 : 16
  • Fällman , K , Ligné , D , Karlsson , A and Albrektson , A . (2003) . Stem quality and height development in a Betula-dominated stand seven years after precommercial thinning at various stump heights . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 18 : 145 – 154 .
  • Fitzgerald , RD and Hodinott , J . (1983) . The utilization of carbohydrates following partial or complete top removal . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 13 : 685 – 689 .
  • Hägglund B Lundmark J-E (1987) Bonitering, Del 1. Definitioner och anvisningar Jönköping Skogsstyrelsen (In Swedish)
  • Haveraaen O (1963) På hvilken tid av året skal en rydde bjørk Norsk skogbruk 23/24 692 693 (In Norwegian.)
  • Johansson , T . (1986) . Development of suckers by two-year old birch (Betula pendula Roth) at different temperatures and light intensities . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 1 : 17 – 26 .
  • Johansson , T . (1987) . Development of stump suckers by European birch . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 2 : 77 – 83 .
  • Johansson , T . (1992a) . Sprouting of 2- to 5-year-old birches (Betula pubescens Ehrh. and Betula pendula Roth) in relation to stump height and felling time . Forest Ecology and Management , 53 : 263 – 281 .
  • Johansson T (1992b) Stump heights and sprouting of European aspen, pubescent and silver birches, and damage to Norway spruce and Scots pine following mechanical and brush saw cleaning Studia Forestalia Suecica No. 186
  • Karlsson , A and Albrektson , A . (2000) . Height development of Betula and Salix species following precommercial thinning at various stump heights: 3-year results . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 15 : 359 – 367 .
  • Karlsson , A and Albrektson , A . (2001) . Height development of Betula and Salix species following pre-commercial thinning through breaking the tops of secondary stems: 3-year results . Forestry , 74 : 41 – 51 .
  • Kauppi , A , Kivinitty , M and Ferm , A . (1988) . Growth habits and crown architecture of Betula pubescens Ehrh. of seed and sprout origin . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 18 : 1603 – 1613 .
  • Kikuzawa , K . (1988) . Intraspecific competition in a natural stand of Betula ermanii . Annals of Botany , 61 : 727 – 734 .
  • Kofman PD (1993) Flishugning, dokumentation af nuværende systemer Maskinrapport 12 København Skov- og Naturstyrelsen (In Danish.)
  • Kramer PJ Kozlowski TT (1979) Physiology of woody plants San Diego CA Academic Press pp. 271–279
  • Kvaalen H (1989) The effect of different stump heights on sprouting, stump survival and sprout growth, after cutting of six year old white birch (Betula pendula Roth) Norwegian Forest Research Institute Research Paper 5 (In Norwegian with English summary.)
  • Ligné D Nordfjell T Karlsson A (2005) New techniques for pre-commercial thinning—time consumption and tree damage parameters International Journal of Forest Engineering (in press)
  • Löyttyniemi , K . (1985) . On repeated browsing of Scots pine saplings by moose (Alces alces) . Silva Fennica , 19 : 387 – 391 .
  • Maschinski , J and Whitham , TG . (1989) . The continuum of plant responses to herbivory: The influence of plant association, nutrient availability, and timing . American Naturalist , 134 : 1 – 19 .
  • Nilsson , U and Albrektson , A . (1994) . Growth and self-thinning in two young Scots pine stands planted at different initial densities . Forest Ecology and Management , 68 : 209 – 215 .
  • Nordfors GA (1923) Björkens förhållande till granen Norrlands Skogsvårdförenings Tidsskrift, 1923 97 146 (In Swedish.)
  • Raulo J (1987) Björkboken F. Bergman (Transl.) Jönköping National Board of Forestry (In Swedish.)
  • Richardson R (1993) Thinning with the Valmet 901 Field Note 19 Forest Engineering Institute of Canada, Eastern Division
  • Rinne , P . (1994) . Hormonal regulation of bud burst and coppice shoot growth in Betula . Acta niversitat Ouluensis, Series A, Scientiae Rerum Naturalium , 255 : 1 – 40 .
  • Ryan BF Joiner BL (1994) Minitab handbook Belmont Duxbury Press
  • Sabin TE Stafford SG (1990) Assessing the need for transformation of response variables Corvallis OR Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University
  • Skinnemoen K (1943) Lauvskogen Det Norske Skogeselskap. (In Norwegian.)
  • Vestlund K (2001) Autonomous cleaning of young forest stands, conditions Research Note 12 Department of Forest Management and Products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (In Swedish with English summary.)
  • Wahlgren A (1914) Skogsskötsel: handledning vid uppdragande, vård och föryngring av skog Stockholm P. A. Norstedt & söner (In Swedish.)
  • Zar JH (1999) Biostatistical analysis 4th edn Upper Saddle River NJ Prentice Hall
  • Zimmerman MH Brown CL (1974) Trees: Structure and function 2nd ed New York Springer

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.