References
- Anderbrant , O. 1990 . Gallery construction and oviposition of the bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) at different breeding densities . Ecological Entomology , 15 : 1 – 8 .
- Annila , E. and Petäistö , R.-L. 1978 . Insect attack on windthrown trees after the December 1975 storm in western Finland . Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae , 94 : 1 – 24 .
- Anon . (1991) . Laki metsän sieni- ja hyönteistuhojen torjunnasta [Forest Insect and Fungal Damage Prevention Act] . Suomen säädöskokoelma , 263 , 566 – 568 . (In Finnish.)
- Becker , T. (1999) . The increasing infestation of spruce bark beetle in two strict forest reserves of Baden-Württemberg . In A. Wulf & K. H. Brendes Forstschuttzprobleme in Nationalparken un Naturschutzgebieten . Mitteilungen aus der. Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtsch, 362 , 80 – 100 .
- Becker , T. and Schröter , H. 2001 . Die Ausbreitung des Borkenkäferbefalls im Bereich von Sturmwurf-Sukzessionsflächen . Berichte Freiburger Forstliche Forschung Heft , 26 : 1 – 79 .
- Butovitsch , V. (1938) . Om granbarkborrens massförökning i södra Dalarna . Norrlands Skogsvårdförbunds Tidskrift , Heft 2 , 1 – 36 . (In Swedish with German abstract.)
- Butovitsch , V. (1971) . Undersökningar över skadeinsekternas uppträdande i de stormhärjade skogarna i mellersta Norrlands kustland åren 1967–69 . Institutionen för Skogszoologi, Rapporter och Uppsatser , 8 , 1 – 204 . (In Swedish.)
- Christiansen , E. and Bakke , A. 1988 . “ The spruce bark beetle of Eurasia ” . In Dynamics of forest insect populations , Edited by: Berryman , A. A. 479 – 503 . New York : Plenum Press .
- Crawley , M. J. 2003 . Statistical computing , Wiltshire : John Wiley & Sons .
- Dutilleul , P. , Nef , L. and Frigon , D. 2000 . Assessment of site characteristics as predictors of the vulnerability of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) stands to attack by Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) . Journal of Applied Entomology , 124 : 1 – 5 .
- Ehnström , B. , Annila , E. , Austarå , Ø. , Harding , S. & Ottosson , J. G. (1998) . Insect pests in forests of the Nordic countries 1982–1986 . Rapport fra skogforskningen , Suppl. 2 , 1 – 12 .
- Eriksson , M. , Pouttu , A. and Roininen , H. 2005 . The influence of windthrow area and timber characteristics on colonization of wind-felled spruces by Ips typographus (L.) . Forest Ecology and Management , 216 : 105 – 116 .
- Eriksson , M. , Lilja , S. and Roininen , H. 2006 . Dead wood creation and restoration burning: Implications for bark beetles and beetle induced tree deaths . Forest Ecology and Management , 231 : 205 – 213 .
- Esseen , P. A. , Ehnström , B. , Ericson , L. and Sjöberg , K. 1997 . Boreal forests . Ecological Bulletins , 46 : 16 – 47 .
- Faccoli , M. and Stergulc , F. 2004 . Ips typographus (L.) pheromone trapping in south Alps: Spring catches determine damage thresholds . Journal of Applied Entomology , 128 : 307 – 311 .
- Forsse , E. and Solbreck , Ch. 1985 . Migration in the bark beetle Ips typographus L.: Duration, timing and height of flight . Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie , 100 : 47 – 57 .
- Gilbert , M. , Nageleisen , L.-M. , Franklin , A. and Grégoire , J.-C. 2005 . Post-storm surveys reveal large-scale spatial patterns and influences of site factors, forest structure and diversity in endemic bark-beetle populations . Landscape Ecology , 274 : 35 – 49 .
- Göthlin , E. , Schroeder , L. M. and Lindelöw , Å. 2000 . Attacks by Ips typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus on windthrown spruces (Picea abies) during the two years following a storm felling . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 15 : 542 – 549 .
- Hanski , I. 2000 . Extinction debt and species credit in boreal forests: Modelling the consequences of different approaches to biodiversity conservation . Annales Zoologici Fennici , 37 : 271 – 280 .
- Harding , S. , Annila , E. , Ehnström , B. , Halldórsson , G. & Kvamme , T. (1998) . Insect pests in forests of the Nordic countries 1987–1990 . Rapport fra skogforskningen , Suppl. 3 , 1 – 22 .
- Hedgren , P. O. , Schroeder , L. M. and Weslien , J. 2003 . Tree killing by Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) at stand edges with and without colonized felled spruce trees . Agricultural and Forest Entomology , 5 : 67 – 74 .
- Heurich , M. , Reinelt , A. & Fahse , L. (2001) . Die Buchdruckermassenvermehrung im Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald . In M. Heurich Waldentwicklung im Bergwald nach Windwurf und Borkenkäferbefall . Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Wiss. Reihe , 14 , 9 – 48 . (In German with English summary.)
- Hübertz , H. , Larsen , J. R. and Bejer , B. 1991 . Monitoring spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus (L.)) populations under non-epidemic conditions . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 6 : 217 – 226 .
- Jonsell , M. , Weslien , J. and Ehnström , B. 1998 . Substrate requirements of red-listed saproxylic invertebrates in Sweden . Biodiversity and Conservation , 7 : 749 – 764 .
- Jonsson , M. , Ranius , T. , Ekvall , H. , Bostedt , G. , Dahlberg , A. Ehnström , B. 2006 . Cost-effectiveness of silvicultural measures to increase substrate availability for red-listed wood-living organisms in Norway spruce forests . Biological Conservation , 127 : 443 – 462 .
- Lekander , B. (1972) . A mass outbreak of Ips typographus in Gästrikland, central Sweden, in 1945–1952 . Department of Forest Zoology, Research Notes 10. Stockholm: Royal College of Forestry. (In Swedish with English summary.)
- Lexer , M. J. (1995) . Beziehungen zwishen der Anfälligkeit von Fichtenbeständen (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) für Borkenkäferschäden und Standorts- und Bestandesmerkmalen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wasserversorgung . Dissertation, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien .
- Lexer , M. J. (1997) . Risikoanalyse und Ableitung waldbaulicher Massnahmen zur Beeinflussung des Borkenkäferrisikos in Fichtenbeständen . In F. Müller Waldbau an der unteren Waldgrenze . FBVA-Berichte, Heft No. 95 , pp. 79 – 89 . Wien : Forstliche Bundesversuchsanstalt .
- Lindelöw , Å. and Schroeder , L. M. 2001 . Spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.), in Sweden: Monitoring and risk assessment . Journal of Forest Science , 47 : 40 – 42 .
- Löyttyniemi , K. , Austarå , Ø. , Bejer , B. and Ehnström , B. 1979 . Insect pests in forests of the Nordic countries 1972–1976 . Folia Forestalia , 395 : 1 – 13 .
- McCullagh , P. & Nelder , J. A. (1989) . Generalized linear models (2nd ed.) . London : Chapman & Hall .
- Martikainen , P. , Siitonen , J. , Kaila , L. , Punttila , P. and Rauh , J. 1999 . Bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) and associated beetle species in mature managed and old growth boreal forests in southern Finland . Forest Ecology and Management , 116 : 233 – 245 .
- Mulock , P. and Christiansen , E. 1986 . The threshold of successful attack by Ips typographus on Picea abies: A field experiment . Forest Ecology and Management , 14 : 125 – 132 .
- Nef , L. 1994 . Site characteristics as predictive variables of the vulnerability of Norway spruce stands to Ips typographus attacks . Silva Belgica , 101 : 7 – 14 .
- Niemeyer , H. (1997) . Integrated bark beetle control: Experiences and problems in northern Germany . In A. M. Grégoire , A. M. Liebhold , F. M. Stephen , K. R. Day & S. M. Salom Proceedings: Integrating cultural tactics into the management of bark beetle and reforestation pests . USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-236 .
- Peltonen , M. 1999 . Windthrows and dead-standing trees as bark beetle breeding material at forest-clearcut edge . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 14 : 505 – 511 .
- Polevoi , A. V. , Scherbakov , A. N. , Humala , A. E. & Naldeev , D. F. (2006) . Ips typographus outbreak as a consequence of extensive windfall in the Vodlozersky National Park . In Proceedings of the 15 years Anniversary Conference of the Vodlozersky National Park (pp. 96 – 102 ). Petrozavodsk. (In Russian.)
- Ranius , T. , Ekvall , H. , Jonsson , M. and Bostedt , G. 2005 . Cost-efficiency of measures to increase the amount of coarse woody debris in managed Norway spruce forests . Forest Ecology and Management , 206 : 119 – 133 .
- R Development Core Team (2005) . R, a language and environment for statistical computing . Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org
- Ribeiro , P. J. , Jr , Christensen , O. F. & Diggle , P. J. (2003) . geoR and geoRglm: Software for model-based geostatistics . In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Distributed Statistical Computing (DSC 2003) . Retrieved from http://www.ci.tuwien.ac.at/Conferences/DSC-2003/Proceedings . (Accessed 15 April 2006) .
- Saalas , U. (1949) . Suomen metsähyönteiset [Finnish forest insects] . Porvoo, Helsinki : Werner Söderström Oy . (In Finnish.)
- Schroeder , L. M. 2001 . Tree mortality by the bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in storm-disturbed stands . Integrated Pest Management Reviews , 6 : 169 – 175 .
- Schroeder , L. M. and Lindelöw , Å. 2002 . Attacks on living spruce trees by the bark beetle Ips typographus (Col. Scolytidae) following storm-felling: A comparison between stands with and without removal of wind-felled trees . Agricultural and Forest Entomology , 4 : 47 – 56 .
- Schroeder , L. M. , Weslien , J. , Lindelöw , Å. and Lindhe , A. 1999 . Attacks by bark- and wood-boring Coleoptera on mechanically created high stumps of Norway spruce in the two years following cutting . Forest Ecology and Management , 123 : 21 – 30 .
- Siitonen , J. 2001 . Forest management, coarse woody debris and saproxylic organisms: Fennoscandian boreal forests as an example . Ecological Bulletins , 49 : 11 – 39 .
- Veteli , T. , Koricheva , J. , Niemelä , P. and Kellomäki , S. 2006 . Effects of forest management on the abundance of insect pests on Scots pine . Forest Ecology and Management , 231 : 214 – 217 .
- Wermelinger , B. 2004 . Ecology and management of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus—A review of recent research . Forest Ecology and Management , 202 : 67 – 82 .
- Weslien , J. 1992 . Monitoring Ips typographus (L.) populations and forecasting damage . Journal of Applied Entomology , 114 : 338 – 340 .
- Weslien , J. and Lindelöw , Å. 1989 . Trapping a local population of spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.): Population size and origin of trapped beetles . Holarctic Ecology , 12 : 511 – 514 .
- Weslien , J. , Annila , E. , Bakke , A. , Bejer , B. , Eidmann , H. H. Narvestad , K. 1989 . Estimating risks dor spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus (L.)) damage using pheromone-baited traps and trees . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 4 : 87 – 89 .