Are standing dead trees (snags) suitable as climate proxies? A case study from the central Scandinavian Mountains

References

• Aakala T, Kuuluvainen T, Gauthier S, De Grandpré L. 2008. Standing dead trees and their decay–class dynamics in the northeastern boreal old-growth forests of Quebec. Forest Ecol Manag. 255:410–420. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandersson H, Karlström C, Larsson-McCann S. 1991. Temperature and precipitation in Sweden 1961–90 – reference normals. SMHI Meteorol Climatol. 81:1–88.
   Google Scholar
• Allen CD, Macalady AK, Chenchouni H, Bachelet D, McDowell N, Vennetier M, Kitzberger T, Rigling A, Breshears DD, Hogg EH, et al. 2010. A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecol Manag. 259:660–684. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson M, Niklasson M. 2004. The oldest pine on Hornslandet, Hälsingland. Sv Bot Tids. 98:333–338. Swedish
   Google Scholar
• Bigler C, Bugmann H. 2004. Predicting the time of tree death using dendrochronological data. Ecol Appl. 14:902–914. doi: 10.1890/03-5011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler C, Gavin DG, Gunning C, Veblen TT. 2007. Drought induces lagged tree mortality in a subalpine forest in the Rocky Mountains. Oikos. 116:1983–1994. doi: 10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.16034.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biondi F. 1997. Evolutionary and moving response functions in dendroclimatology. Dendrochronologia. 15:139–150.
   Google Scholar
• Biondi F, Waikul K. 2004. DENDROCLIM2002: a C++ program for statistical calibration of climate signals in tree-ring chronologies. Comp Geosci. 30:303–311. doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2003.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briffa KR, Bartholin TS, Eckstein D, Jones PD, Karlén W, Schweingruber FH, Zetterberg P. 1990. A 1400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia. Nature. 346:434–439. doi: 10.1038/346434a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull EL, Parks CG, Torgersen TR. 1998. Trees and logs important to wildlife in the interior Columbia River Basin. Portland: Diane Pub. 55 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Cailleret M, Nourtier M, Amm A, Durand-Gillmann M, Davi H. 2014. Drought-induced decline and mortality of silver fir differ among three sites in Southern France. Ann For Sci. 71:643–657. doi: 10.1007/s13595-013-0265-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrer M. 2011. Individualistic and time-varying tree-ring growth to climate sensitivity. PLoS ONE. 6:e22813. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherubini P, Fontana G, Rigling D, Dobbertin M, Brang P, Innes JL. 2002. Tree-life history prior to death: two fungal root pathogens affect tree-ring growth differently. J Ecol. 90:839–850. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00715.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook ER, Briffa KR, Meko DM, Graybill DA, Funkhouser G. 1995. The ‘segment length curse’ in long tree-ring chronology development for paleoclimatic studies. Holocene. 5:229–237. doi: 10.1177/095968369500500211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook ER, Krusic PJ, Holmes RH, Peters K. 2007. Program ARSTAN Ver.ARS41d; [accessed 2013 June 30]. www.ldeo.columbia.edu/tree-ringlaboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Cook ER, Peters K. 1981. The smoothing spline: a new approach to standardizing forest interior tree-ring width series for dendroclimatic studies. Tree-Ring Bulletin. 41:45–53.
   Google Scholar
• Eronen M, Zetterberg P, Briffa KR, Lindholm M, Meriläinen J, Timonen M. 2002. The supra-long Scots pine tree-ring record for Finnish Lapland: Part 1, chronology construction and initial inferences. Holocene. 12:673–680. doi: 10.1191/0959683602hl580rp
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esper J, Frank DC, Timonen M, Zorita E, Wilson RJ, Luterbacher J, Holzkämper S, Fischer N, Wagner S, Nievergelt D, et al. 2012. Orbital forcing of tree-ring data. Nat Clim Change. 2:862–866. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish T, Wilson R, Edwards C, Mills C, Crone A, Kirchhefer AJ, Linderholm HW, Loader NJ, Woodley E. 2010. Exploring for senescence signals in native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Scottish highlands. Forest Ecol Manag. 260:321–330. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritts H. 1976. Tree rings and climate. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grissino-Mayer HD, Swetnam TW. 2000. Century scale climate forcing of fire regimes in the American Southwest. Holocene. 10:213–220. doi: 10.1191/095968300668451235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grudd H, Briffa KR, Karlén W, Bartholin TS, Jones PD, Kromer B. 2002. A 7400-year tree-ring chronology in northern Swedish Lapland: natural climate variability expressed on annual to millennial timescales. Holocene. 12:657–665. doi: 10.1191/0959683602hl578rp
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnarson BE. 2008. Temporal distribution pattern of subfossil pines in central Sweden: perspective on Holocene humidity fluctuations. Holocene. 18:569–577. doi: 10.1177/0959683608089211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnarson BE, Linderholm HW. 2002. Low-frequency summer temperature variation in central Sweden since the tenth century inferred from tree rings. Holocene. 12:667–671. doi: 10.1191/0959683602hl579rp
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helama S, Lindholm M, Timonen M, Meriläinen J, Eronen M. 2002. The supra-long Scots pine tree-ring record for Finnish Lapland: Part 2, interannual to centennial variability in summer temperatures for 7500 years. Holocene. 12:681–687. doi: 10.1191/0959683602hl581rp
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes RL. 1999. Users manual for program COFECHA. Arizona: Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona.
   Google Scholar
• Killick R, Eckley IA. 2014. Changepoint: an R package for changepoint analysis. J Stat Soft. 58:1–19. doi: 10.18637/jss.v058.i03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchhefer AJ. 2001. Reconstruction of summer temperatures from tree-rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in coastal northern Norway. Holocene. 11:41–52. doi: 10.1191/095968301670181592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körner C, Paulsen J. 2004. A world-wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures. J Biogeogr. 31:713–732. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01043.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski TT, Kramer PJ, Pallardy SG. 1991. The physiological ecology of woody plants. San Diego: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Linderholm HW, Björklund JA, Seftigen K, Gunnarson BE, Fuentes M. 2015. Fennoscandia revisited – A spatially improved reconstruction of summer temperatures for the last 900 years. Clim Dynam. 45:933–947. doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2328-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linderholm HW, Gunnarson BE. 2005. Summer temperature variability in central Scandinavia during the last 3600 years. Geograf Ann. 87:231–241. doi: 10.1111/j.0435-3676.2005.00255.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linderholm HW, Zhang P, Gunnarson BE, Björklund J, Farahat E, Fuentes M, Rocha E, Salo R, Seftigen K, Stridbeck P, Liu Y. 2014. Growth dynamics of tree-line and lake-shore Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the central Scandinavian Mountains during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the early Little Ice Age. Front Ecol Evol. 2:303. doi:10.3389/fevo.2014.00020.
   Google Scholar
• Luckman BH. 1993. Glacier fluctuation and tree-ring records for the last millennium in the Canadian Rockies. Quaternary Sci Rev. 12:441–450. doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(05)80008-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinsson O, Nilsson B. 1987. The impact of Cronartium flaccidum on the growth of Pinus sylvestris. Scand J Forest Res. 2:349–3573. doi: 10.1080/02827588709382472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarroll D, Loader NJ, Jalkanen R, Gagen MH, Grudd H, Gunnarson BE, Kirchhefer AJ, Friedrich M, Linderholm HW, Lindholm M, et al. 2013. A 1200-year multi-proxy record of tree growth and summer temperature at the northern pine forest limit of Europe. Holocene. 23:471–484. doi: 10.1177/0959683612467483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadelhoffer KJ, Giblin AE, Shaver GR, Linkins AE. 1992. Microbial processes and plant nutrient availability in arctic soils. In: Chapin III FS, Jefferies RL, Reynolds JF, Shaver GR, Svoboda J, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate: an ecophysiological perspective. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; p. 281–300.
   Google Scholar
• Niklasson M, Granström A. 2000. Numbers and sizes of fires: long-term spatially explicit fire history in a Swedish boreal landscape. Ecology. 81:1484–1499. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1484:NASOFL]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallardy SG. 2008. Physiology of woody plants. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; p. 469.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen BS. 1998. The role of stress in the mortality of Midwestern oaks as indicated by growth prior to death. Ecology 79:79–93. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0079:TROSIT]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roig FA, Le-Quesne C, Boninsegna JA, Briffa KR, Lara A, Grudd H, Jones PD, Villagrán C. 2001. Climate variability 50,000 years ago in mid-latitude Chile as reconstructed from tree rings. Nature. 410:567–570. doi: 10.1038/35069040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouvinen S, Kuuluvainen T, Siitonen J. 2002. Tree mortality in a Pinus sylvestris dominated boreal forest landscape in Vienansalo wilderness, eastern Fennoscandia. Silva Fennica. 36:127–145. doi: 10.14214/sf.554
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider L, Smerdon J, Büntgen U, Wilson R, Myglan V, Kirdyanov A, Esper J. 2015. Revising mid-latitude summer temperatures back to A.D. 600 based on a wood density network. Geophys Res Lett. 42:4556–4562. doi: 10.1002/2015GL063956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweingruber FH. 2007. Wood structure and environment. New York: Springer-Verlag; p. 279.
   Google Scholar
• Scott AJ, Knott M. 1974. A cluster analysis method for grouping means in the analysis of variance. Biometrics. 30:507–512. doi: 10.2307/2529204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao X, Xu Y, Yin ZY, Liang E, Zhu H, Wang S. 2010. Climatic implications of a 3585-year tree-ring width chronology from the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Sci Rev. 29:2111–2122. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St. George S. 2014. An overview of tree-ring width records across the Northern Hemisphere. Quaternary Sci Rev. 95:132–150. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoffel M, Khodri M, Corona C, Guillet S, Poulain V, Bekki S, Guiot J, Luckman B, Oppenheimer C, Lebas N, et al. 2015. Estimates of volcanic-induced cooling in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 1,500 years. Nat Geosci. 8:784–788. doi: 10.1038/ngeo2526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes MA, Smiley TL. 1968. An introduction to tree-ring dating. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Storaunet KO. 2004. Models to predict time since death of Picea abies snags. Scand J Forest Res. 19:250–260. doi: 10.1080/02827580410024142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mantgem PJ, Stephenson NL, Byrne JC, Daniels LD, Franklin JF, Fulé PZ, Harmon ME, Larson AJ, Smith JM, Taylor AH, Veblen TT. 2009. Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the western United States. Science. 323:521–524. doi: 10.1126/science.1165000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigley TM, Briffa KR, Jones PD. 1984. On the average value of correlated time series, with applications in dendroclimatology and hydrometeorology. J Clim Appl Meteorol. 23:201–213. doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<0201:OTAVOC>2.0.CO;2
   Google Scholar
• Wilson RJ, Anchukaitis K, Briffa K, Büntgen U, Cook ER, D’Arrigo R, Davi N, Esper J, Frank D, Gunnarson B, et al. 2016. Last millennium Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures from tree rings: Part I: the long term context. Quaternary Sci Rev. 134:1–18. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods KD. 2014. Multi-decade biomass dynamics in an old-growth hemlock-northern hardwood forest, Michigan, USA. PeerJ. 2: e598:1-21. doi: 10.7717/peerj.598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi DK, Atwater BF, Bunker DE, Benson BE, Reid MS. 1997. Tree-ring dating the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. Nature. 389:922–923. doi: 10.1038/40048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zackrisson O. 1977. Influence of forest fires on the North Swedish Boreal forest. Oikos. 29:22–32. doi: 10.2307/3543289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang P, Linderholm HW, Gunnarson BE, Björklund J, Chen D. 2016. 1200 years of warm-season temperature variability in central Scandinavia inferred from tree-ring density. Clim Past. 12:1297–1312. doi: 10.5194/cp-12-1297-2016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar