References
- Ågren AM, Larson J, Paul SS, Laudon H, Lidberg W. 2021. Use of multiple LIDAR-derived digital terrain indices and machine learning for high-resolution national-scale soil moisture mapping of the Swedish forest landscape. Geoderma. 404:115280. doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115280.
- Ågren AM, Lidberg W, Ring E. 2015. Mapping temporal dynamics in a forest stream network – implications for Riparian forest management. Forests. 6(9):2982. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/f6092982.
- Ahtikoski A, Alenius V, Mäkitalo K. 2010. Scots pine stand establishment with special emphasis on uncertainty and cost-effectiveness, the case of northern Finland. New For. 40:69–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-009-9183-2.
- Ara M, Barabieto I, Elfving B, Johansson U, Nilsson U. 2021. Varying rectangular spacing yields no difference in forest growth and external wood quality in coniferous forest plantations. For Ecol Manage. 489:119040. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119040.
- Archibold OW, Acton C, Ripley EA. 2000. Effect of site preparation on soil properties and vegetation cover, and the growth and survival of white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings, in Saskatchewan. For Ecol Manage. 131:127–141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00205-4.
- Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S. 2015. Fitting Linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw. 67(1):1–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01.
- Berg S, Wickström R. 1982. Terrängtypsschema för skogsarbete. (Terrain classification for forestry work) Forskningsstiftelsen Skogsarbeten, Kista, Sweden. Redogörelse Nr 7.
- Bergquist J, Fries C, Svensson L. 2017. Skogsstyrelsens återväxtuppföljning Resultat från 1999–2016. Skogsstyrelsen, Jönköping, Sweden. Swedish.
- Burney O, Wing MG, Rose R. 2007. Microsite influences on variability in Douglas-fir seedling development. West J Appl For. 22:156–162. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.3.156.
- Burton P, Bedford L, Goldstein M, Osberg M. 2000. Effects of disk trench orientation and planting spot position on the ten-year performance of Lodgepole pine. New For. 20:23–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006796412006.
- Cardosso JC, Burton JP, Elkin MC. 2020. A disturbance ecology perspective on silvicultural site preparation. Forests. 11:1278. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121278.
- Dolk Fröjd C, Norrman P. 2007. Uppföljning av skador på fornlämningar i skogsmark. Skogsstyrelsen, Jönköping, Sweden. Swedish.
- Felton A, Lindbladh M, Brunet J, Fritz Ö. 2010. Replacing coniferous monocultures with mixed-species production stands: An assessment of the potential benefits for forest biodiversity in Northern Europe. For Ecol Manage. 260:939–947. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.06.011.
- Floistad IS, Hylen G, Hansson KH, Granhus A. 2018. Germination and seedling establishment of Norway spruce (Picea abies) after clear-cutting is affected by timing of soil scarification. New For. 49:231–247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-017-9616-2.
- FSC. 2020. Forest Stewardship Council. Bonn, Germany. https://se.fsc.org/se-se/certifiering/skogsbrukscertifiering
- Haeussler S, Kaffanke T, Boateng JO, Mcclaron J, Bedford L. 2017. Site preparation severity influences lodgepole pine plant community composition, diversity, and succession over 25 years. Can J For Res. 47:1659–1671. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0142.
- Häggström B, Domevscik M, Öhlund J, Nordin A. 2021. Survival and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)seedlings in north Sweden: effects of planting position and arginine phosphate addition. Scan J For Res. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2021.1957999.
- Hahn T, Eggers J, Subramanian N, Toraño Caicoya A, Uhl E, Snäll T. 2021. Specified resilience value of alternative forest management adaptations to storms. Scan J For Res. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2021.1988140.
- Hanssen KH, Granhus A, Braekke FH, Haveraaen O. 2003. Performance of sown and naturally regenerated Picea abies seedlings under different scarification and harvesting regimens. Scan J For Res. 18:351–361. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580310005973.
- Hansson LJ, Ring E, Franko MA, Gärdenäs AI. 2018. Soil temperature and water content dynamics after disc trenching a sub-xeric Scots pine clearcut in central Sweden. Geoderma. 327:85–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.04.023.
- Hébert F, Boucher J-F, Walsh D, Tremblay P, Côte D, Lord D. 2014. Black spruce growth and survival in boreal open woodlands 10 years following mechanical site preparation and planting. Forestry. 87:277–286. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpt052.
- Heiskanen J, Saksa T, Luoranan J. 2013. Soil preparation method affects outplanting success of Norway spruce container seedlings on till soils susceptible to frost heave. Silv Fenn. 47:17. doi:https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.893.
- Henneb M, Valeria O, Thiffault N, Fenton NJ, Bergeron Y. 2019. Effects of mechanical site preparation on Microsite availability and growth of planted Black spruce in Canadian paludified forests. Forests. 10(8):670. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080670.
- Hjelm K, Nilsson U, Johansson U, Nordin P. 2019. Effects of mechanical site preparation and slash removal on long-term productivity of conifer plantations in Sweden. Can J For Res. 49:1311–1319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0081.
- Holmström E, Gålander H, Petersson M. 2019. Within-site variation in seedling survival in Norway spruce plantations. Forests. 10(2):181. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020181.
- Holmström E, Karlsson M, Nilsson N. 2017. Modeling birch seed supply and seedling establishment during forest regeneration. Ecol Modell. 352:31–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.02.027.
- Huuskonen S, Domisch T, Finér L, Hantula J, Hynynen J, Matala J, Miina J, Neuvonen S, Nevalainen S, Niemistö P, et al. 2021. What is the potential for replacing monocultures with mixed-species stands to enhance ecosystem services in boreal forests in Fennoscandia? For Ecol Manage. 479:118558. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118558.
- Johansson K, Nilsson U, Örlander G. 2013a. A comparison of long-term effects of scarification methods on the establishment of Norway spruce. Forestry. 86:91–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cps062.
- Johansson K, Ring E, Högbom L. 2013b. Effects of pre-harvest fertilization and subsequent soil scarification on the growth of planted Pinus sylvestris seedlings and ground vegetation after clear-felling. Silv Fenn. 47(4):18. doi:https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1016.
- Karjalainen E. 2006. The visual preferences for forest regeneration and field afforestation – four case studies in Finland. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences.
- Karlsson M, Nilsson U. 2005. The effects of scarification and shelterwood treatments on naturally regenerated seedlings in southern Sweden. For Ecol Manage. 205:183–197. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.046.
- Karlsson M, Nilsson U, Örlander G. 2002. Natural regeneration in clear-cuts: effects of scarification, slash removal and clear-cut age. Scan J For. Res. 17(2):131–138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/028275802753626773.
- Kuznetsova A, Brockhoff PB, Christensen RHB. 2017. Lmertest package: tests in Linear Mixed effects models. J Stat Softw. 82(13):1–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13.
- Langvall O, Nilsson U, Örlander G. 2001. Frost damage to planted Norway spruce seedlings – influence of site preparation and seedling type. For Ecol Manage. 141(3):223–235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00331-5.
- Lehtosalo M, Mäkelä A, Valkonen S. 2010. Regeneration and tree growth dynamics of Picea abies, Betula pendula and Betula pubescens in regeneration areas treated with spot mounding in southern Finland. Scan J For Res. 25:213–223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2010.489514.
- Lidberg W, Nilsson M, Ågren A. 2020. Using machine learning to generate high-resolution wet area maps for planning forest management: a study in a boreal forest landscape. Ambio. 49(2):475–486. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01196-9.
- Löf M, Dey DC, Navarro RM, Jacobs DF. 2012. Mechanical site preparation for forest restoration. New For. 43(5):825–848. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9332-x.
- Luoranen J, Viiri H, Sianoja M, Poteri M, Lappi J. 2017. Predicting pine weevil risk: effects of site, planting spot and seedling level factors on weevil feeding and mortality of Norway spruce seedlings. For Ecol Manage. 389:260–271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.01.006.
- Mallik A, Kravchenko D. 2016. Black spruce (Picea mariana) restoration in Kalmia heath by scarification and microsite mulching. For Ecol Manage. 362:10–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.10.020.
- Margolis HA, Brand DG. 1990. An ecophysiological basis for understanding plantation establishment. Can J For Res. 20(4):375–390. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-056.
- Murphy NCP, Ogilvie J, Meng F-R, White B, Bhatti SJ, Arp PA. 2011. Modelling a mapping topographic variations in forest soils at high resolution. Ecol Modell. 222:2314–2332. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.01.003.
- Murphy PNC, Ogilvie J, Castonguay M, Zhang C-F, Meng F-R, Arp PA. 2008. Improving forest operations planning through high-resolution flow-channel and wet-areas mapping. For Chron. 84(4):568–574. doi:https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc84568-4.
- Nijland W, Coops NC, Macdonald SE, Nielsen SE, Bater CW, White B, Ogilvie J, Stadt J. 2015. Remote sensing proxies of productivity and moisture predict forest stand type and recovery rate following experimental harvest. For Ecol Manage 357:239–247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.08.027.
- Nilsson U, Örlander G. 1999. Vegetation management on grass-dominated clearcuts planted with Norway spruce in southern Sweden. Can J For Res. 29:1015–1026. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-071.
- Nilsson U, Örlander G, Karlsson M. 2006. Establishing mixed forests in Sweden by combining planting and natural regeneration-effects of shelterwoods and scarification. For Ecol Manage. 237:301–311. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.053.
- Örlander G, Gemmel P, Hunt J. 1990. Site preparation: a Swedish overview. Barnaby: British Columbia Ministry of Forests; p. 62.
- PEFC. 2020. Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification. Stockholm, Sweden. https://pefc.se/det-har-ar-pefc/om-svenska-pefc
- Petersson M, Örlander G, Nordlander G. 2005. Soil features affecting damage to conifer seedlings by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis. Forestry. 78(1):83–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpi008.
- Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, Core Team R. 2021. _nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models_. R package version 3.1-152. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package = nlme.
- Saursaunet M, Mathiesen KM, Skarpe C. 2018. Effects of increased soil scarification intensity on natural regeneration of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. and birch Betula spp. L. Forests. 9(5). doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050262.
- SFA. 2021. Swedish Forest Agency, Jönköping, Sweden. http://pxweb.skogsstyrelsen.se/pxweb/sv/Skogsstyrelsens%20statistikdatabas/Skogsstyrelsens%20statistikdatabas__Hansynsuppfoljning%20kulturmiljo/02_HK.px/?rxid = 03eb67a3-87d7-486d-acce-92fc8082735d.
- Sikström U, Hjelm K, Hanssen KH, Saksa T, Wallertz K. 2020. Influence of mechanical site preparation on regeneration success of planted conifers in clearcuts in Fennoscandia–a review. Silv Fenn. 54(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.10172.
- Skovsgaard JP, Vanclay JK. 2013. Forest site productivity: a review of spatial and temporal variability in natural site conditions. Forestry. 86(3):305–315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpt010.
- SMHI. 2020. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping. http://opendata-download-metobs.smhi.se/explore/.
- Spittlehouse D, Childs S. 1990. Evaluating the seedling moisture environment after site preparation. Sustained productivity of forest soils. Vancouver: Forestry Publications, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia. p. 80–94
- Strömgren M, Mjöfors K, Olsson BA. 2017. Soil-surface CO2 flux during the first 2 years after stump harvesting and site preparation in 14 Swedish forests. Scand J For Res. 32(3):213–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2016.1221993.
- Sutton R. 1993. Mounding site preparation: a review of European and north American experience. New For. 7(2):151–192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00034198.
- Thiffault N, Jobidon R. 2006. How to shift unproductive Kalmia angustifolia – Rhododendron groenlandicum heath to productive conifer plantation. Can J For Res. 36(10):2364–2376. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/x06-090.
- Uotila K, Rantala J, Saksa T, Harstela P. 2010. Effect of soil preparation method on economic result of Norway spruce regeneration chain. Silv Fenn. 44(3):511–524. doi:https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.146.
- Van Rensen CK, Nielsen SE, White B, Vinge T, Lieffers VJ. 2015. Natural regeneration of forest vegetation on legacy seismic lines in boreal habitats in Alberta’s oil sands region. Biol Conserv. 184:127–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.02.
- Wallertz K, Björklund N, Hjelm K, Petersson M, Sundblad L-G. 2018. Comparison of different site preparation techniques: quality of planting spots, seedling growth and pine weevil damage. New For. 49:1–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-018-9634-8.
- White B, Ogilvie J, Cambell DM, Hiltz D, Gauthier B, Chisholm HKH, Wen HK, Murphy PN, Arp PA. 2012. Using the cartographic depth-to-water index to locate small streams and associated wet areas across landscapes. Can Water Resour J. 37(4):333–347. doi:https://doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2011-909.