Intracranial Infections: Clinical and Imaging Characteristics

References

• Agid R., Ducreux D., Halliday W. C., Kucharczyk W., terBrugge K. G., Mikulis D. J. MR Diffusion-weighted imaging in a case of West Nile virus encephalitis. Neurology 2003; 61: 1821–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agosta F., Rocca M. A., Benedetti B., Capra R., Cordioli C., Filippi M. MR imaging assessment of brain and cervical cord damage in patients with neuroborreliosis. Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27: 892–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anslow P. Cranial bacterial infection. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: E145–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artopoulos J., Chalemis Z., Christopoulos S., Manios S., Kelekis L. Sequential computed tomography in tuberculous meningitis in infants and children. Comput Radiol 1984; 8: 271–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashdown B. C., Tien R. D., Felsberg G. J. Aspergillus of the brain and the paranasal sinuses in immunocompromised patients: CT and MR imaging findings. Am J Roentgenol 1994; 162: 155–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernaerts A., Vanjonacker F. M., Parizel P. M., Van Goethem J. W. M., van Altena R., Laridon A., et al. Tuberculosis of the central nervous system: overview of neuroradiological findings. Eur Radiol 2003; 13: 1876–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brilla R Block M., Geremia., Wichter M. Clinical and neuroradiologic features of 39 consecutive cases of West Nile virus meningoencephalitis. J Neurol Sci 2004; 220: 37–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broderick D. F., Wippold F. J., Clifford D. B., Kido D., Wilson B. S. White matter lesions and cerebral atrophy on MR images in patients with and without AIDS dementia complex. Am J Roentgenol 1993; 161: 177–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burtscher I. M., Holtas S. In vivo 1H-MR spectroscopy in untreated and treated brain abscesses. Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 1049–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calfee D. P., Wispelwey B. Brain abscess. Semin Neurol 2000; 20: 353–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo M. Magnetic resonance imaging of meningitis and its complications. Top Magn Reson Imaging 1994; 6: 53–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castillo M. Brain infections in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. Top Magn Reson Imaging 1994; 6: 3–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang K. H., Han M. H., Roh J. K., Kim I. O., Han M. C., Choi KS et a. l. Gd-DTPA Enhanced MR imaging in intracranial tuberculosis. Neuroradiology 1990; 32: 19–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang K. H., Han M. H., Roh J. K., Kim I. O., Han M. C., Kim C. Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging of the brain in patients with meningitis: comparison with CT. Am J Neuroradiol 1990; 11: 69–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang L., Miller B. L., McBride D., Cornford M., Oropilla G., Buchthal S., et al. Brain lesions in patients with AIDS: H-1 MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1995; 197: 525–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinn R. J., Wilkinson I. D., Hall-Craggs M. A., Paley M. N., Miller R. F., Kendall B. E., et al. Toxoplasmosis and primary central nervous system lymphoma in HIV infection: diagnosis with MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1995; 197: 649–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLone D. R., Goldstein R. A., Petermann G., Salamat M. S., Miles J. M., Knechtle S. J., et al. Disseminated aspergillosis involving the brain: distribution and imaging characteristics. Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 1597–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desprechins B., Stadnik T., Koerts G., Shabana W., Breucq C., Osteaux M. Use of diffusion-eeighted MR imaging in differential diagnosis between intracerebral necrotic tumors and cerebral abscesses. Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 1252–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dina T. S. Primary central nervous system lymphoma versus toxoplasmosis in AIDS. Radiology 1991; 179: 823–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erly W. K., Bellon R. J., Seeger J. F., Carmody R. F. MR imaging of acute coccidioidal meningitis. Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 509–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcone S., Post M. J. Encephalitis, cerebritis, and brain abscess: pathophysiology and imaging findings. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2000; 10: 333–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukui M., Williams R. L., Mudigonda S. CT and MR imaging features of pyogenic ventriculitis. Am J Neuroradiol 2001; 22: 1510–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrels K., Kucharczyk W., Wortzman G., Shandling M. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: clinical and MR response to treatment. Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17: 597–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaston A., Gheradi R., N'Guyen J. P., Perroud A. M., Wechsler J., Wallman J., et al. Cerebral toxoplasmosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Neuroradiol 1985; 27: 83–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guzman R., Barth A., Lovblad K., El-Koussy M., Weis J., Schroth G., et al. Use of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating purulent brain processes from cystic brain tumors. J Neurosurg 2002; 97: 1101–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haimes A. B., Zimmerman R. D., Morgello S., Weingarten K., Becker R. D., Jennis R., et al. MR imaging of brain abscesses. Am J Neuroradiol 1989; 10: 279–91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayasundar R., Singh V. P., Raghunathan P., Jain K., A., Banerji A. K. Inflammatory granulomas: evaluation with proton MRS. NMR Biomed 1999; 12: 139–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen M. C., Brant-Zawadzki M. MR imaging of the brain in patients with AIDS: value of routine use of IV gadopentetate dimeglumine. Am J Roentgenol 1993; 160: 153–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karampekios S., Hesselink J. Cerebral infections. Eur Radiol 2005; 15: 485–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastrup O., Wanke I., Maschke M. Neuroimaging of infections. NeuroRx 2005; 2: 324–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kramer L. D., Locke G. E., Byrd S. E., Daryabagi J. Cerebral cystercercosis: documentation of natural history with CT. Radiology 1989; 171: 459–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai P. H., Ho J. T., Chen W. L., Hsu S. S., Wang J. S., Pan H. B., et al. Brain abscess and necrotic brain tumor: discrimination with proton MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weight imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23: 1369–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latchaw R. E., Hirsch W. L., Yock D. H. Imaging of intracranial infection. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1992; 3: 303–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLean F. M., Ginsberg L. E., Stanton C. A. Perineural spread of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17: 114–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menendez J. A., Lilien D. L., Nanda A., Polin R. S. Use of fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography for the differentiation of cerebral lesions in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Neurosurg Focus 2000; 8: 1–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menon D. K., Sargentoni J., Peden C. J., Bell J. D., Cox I. J., Coutts G. A., et al. Proton MR spectroscopy in herpes simplex encephalitis: assessment of neuronal loss. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990; 14: 449–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyerhoff D. J., Bloomer C., Cardenas V., Norman D., Weiner M. W., Fein G. Elevated subcortical choline metabolites in cognitively and clinically asymptomatic HIV patients. Neurology 1999; 52: 995–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller H. E., Vermathen P., Lentschig M. G., Schuierer G., Schwarz S., Wiedermann D., et al. Metabolic characterization of AIDS-dementia complex by spectroscopic imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 9: 10–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley I. F., Kendall B. E. Radiology of intracranial empyemas, with special reference to computed tomography. Neuroradiol 1984; 26: 333–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller-Mang C., Castillo M., Mang T. G., Cartes-Zumelzu F., Weber M., Thurnher M. M. Fungal versus bacterial brain abscesses: is diffusion-weighted MR imaging a useful tool in the differential diagnosis?. Neuroradiology on-line (in press), 2007, 27 June
   Google Scholar
• Nadkarni T., Goel A. Aspergilloma of the brain: an overview. J Postgrad Med 2005; 51: 37–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nash D., Mostasharai F., Fine A., Miller J., O'Leary D., Murray K., et al. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1807–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen W. L., Longo F. M., Mills C. M., Norman D. White matter disease in AIDS: findings at MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 169: 445–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrow T. D., Hudgins P. A. Magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial fungal infections. Top Magn Reson Imaging 1994; 6: 22–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petropoulou K. A., Gordon S. M., Prayson R. A., Ruggierri P. M. West Nile virus meningoencephalitis: MR imaging findings. Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 1986–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Press G. A., Weindling S. M., Hesselink J. R., Ochi J. W., Harris J. P. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: MR manifestations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12: 744–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey D. W., Mohammad A., Cherryman G. R. Diffusion-weighted imaging of cerebral abscess and subdural empyema. Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21: 1172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sämann P. G., Schlegel J., Müller G., Prantl F., Emminger C., Auer D. P. Serial proton MR spectroscopy and diffusion imaging findings in HIV-related herpes simplex encephalitis. Am J Neuroradiol 2003; 24: 2015–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeman J., Hewlett R., Donald P. MR of childhood tuberculosis meningitis. Neuroradiol 1988; 30: 473–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder P. C., Post M. J. D., Oschatz E., Stadler A., Bruce-Gregorios J., Thurnher M. M. Analysis of the utility of diffusion-weighted MRI and apparent diffusion coefficient values in distinguishing central nervous system toxoplasmosis from lymphoma. Neuroradiology 2006; 48: 715–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroth G., Kretzschmar K., Gawehn J., Voight K. Advantage of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of cerebral infections. Neuroradiology 1987; 29: 120–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah G. V. Central nervous system tuberculosis imaging manifestations. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2000; 10: 355–74
   Google Scholar
• Siegal J. A., Cacayorinb E. D., Sami-Nassef A., Rizk D., Galambos C., Levy B., et al. Cerebral mucormycosis: proton MR spectroscopy and MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 18: 915–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simone I. L., Federico F., Trojano M., Tortorella C., Liguori M., Giannini P., et al. High resolution proton MR spectroscopy of cerebrospinal fluid in MS patients. Comparison with biochemical changes in demyelinating plaques. J Neurol Sci 1996; 144: 182–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simone I. L., Federico F., Tortorella C., Anddreula C-F., Zimatore G-B., Giannini P., et al. Localised 1H-MR spectroscopy for metabolic characterization of diffuse and focal brain lesions in patients infected with HIV. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 64: 516–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer M. B., Atlas S. W., Drayer B. P. Subarachnoid space disease: diagnosis with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR Imaging and comparison with gadolinium-enhanced spin-echo MR imaging-blinded reader study. Neuroradiology 1998; 208: 417–22
   Google Scholar
• Skiest D. J., Erdman W., Chang W. E., Oz O. K., Ware A., Fleckenstein J. SPECT Thallium-201 combined with toxoplasma serology for the presumptive diagnosis of focal central nervous system mass lesions in patients with AIDS. J Infect 2000; 40: 274–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith R. R. Neuroradiology of intracranial infection. Pediatr Neurosurg 1992; 18: 92–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbach J. P., Melms A., Skalej M., Dichgans J. Delayed resolution of white matter changes following therapy of B burgdorferi encephalitis. Neurology 2005; 64: 758–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh D. C., Chang K. H., Han M. H., Lee S. R. Han MC, Kim CW. Unusual MR manifestations of neurocysticercosis. Neuroradiology 1989; 31: 396–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sze G. Disease of the intracranial meninges: MR imaging features. Am J Roentgenol 1993; 170: 727–33
   Google Scholar
• Takanashi J., Sugita K., Ishii M., Aoyagi M., Niimi H. Longitudinal MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy in herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 1997; 149: 99–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tien R. D., Feisberg., Osumi A. K. Herpesvirus infections of the CNS: MR findings. Am J Roentgenol 1993; 161: 167–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tien R. D., Chu P. K., Hesselink J. R., Duberg A., Wiley C. Intracranial cryptococcosis in immunocompromised patients: CT and MR findings in 29 cases. Am J Neuroradiol 1991; 12: 283–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai Y., Chang W., Shen C., Lin Y., Lu C., Liliang P., et al. Intracranial suppuration: a clinical comparison of subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses. Surg Neurol 2003; 59: 191–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsuchiya K., Inaoka S., Mizutani Y., Hachiya J. Fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR of intracranial infections. Am J Neuroradiol 1997; 18: 909–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dyk A. CT of intracranial tuberculomas with specific reference to the “target sign”. Neuroradiol 1988; 30: 329–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weingarten K., Zimmerman R. D., Becker R. D., Heier L. A., Haimes A. B., Deck M. D. Subdural and epidural empyemas: MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol 1989; 152: 615–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• When S. M., Heinz E. R., Burger P. C., Boyko O. B. Dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in cryptococcal meningitis associated with AIDS: CT and MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1989; 13: 756–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteman M. L., Post M. J., Berger J. R., Tate L. G., Bell M. D., Limonte L. P. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in 47 HIV-seropositive patients: neuroimaging with clinical and pathologic correlation. Radiology 1993; 187: 233–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrobel C. J., Meyer S., Johnson R. H., Hesselink J. R. MR Findings in acute and chronic coccidioidomycosis meningitis. Am J Neuroradiol 1992; 13: 1241–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousem D. M., Galetta S. L., Gusnard D. A., Goldberg H. I. MR findings in rhinocerebral mucormycosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1989; 13: 878–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zee C., Segall H. D., Boswell W., Admadi J., Nelson M., Colletti P. MR imaging of neurocysticercosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12: 927–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman R. D., Leeds N. E., Danziger A. Subdural empyema: CT findings. Radiology 1984; 150: 417–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman R. D., Weingarten K. Neuroimaging of cerebral abscesses. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1991; 1: 1–16
   Google Scholar