588
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Initiation of Local Authority Referendums: Participatory Momentum or Political Tactics? The UK Case

Pages 639-659 | Received 15 Sep 2010, Accepted 07 Jan 2011, Published online: 01 Mar 2012

References

  • Barankay , I. , Sciarini , P. and Trechsel , A. H. 2003 . Institutional openness and the use of referendums and popular initiatives: Evidence from Swiss cantons . Swiss Political Science Review , 9 ( 1 ) : 169 – 199 .
  • BBC News . 2007 . Authority says “no” to road tolls [online] Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/6917094.stm [Accessed 8 June 2010]
  • BBC Bristol . 2000 . Interview with the leader of Bristol City Council [online] Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/features/2001/01/16/feature2/referendum.ram [Accessed 22 November 2010]
  • Bjorklund , T. 1982 . The demand for referendum: when does it arise and when does it succeed? . Scandinavian Political Studies , 5 ( 3 ) : 237 – 259 .
  • Bogdanor , V. 1981 . The people and the party system: The referendum and electoral reform in British politics , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Bogdanor , V. 2009 . The new British constitution , Oxford : Hart .
  • Bristol City Council . 14 December 2000 . “ Revenue Budget and Medium Term Financial Plan ” . 14 December , Cabinet
  • Breuer , A. 2009 . The use of government-initiated referendums in Latin America. Towards a theory of referendum causes . Revista de ciencia política , 29 ( 1 ) : 23 – 55 .
  • 2000 . New approaches to local democracy: direct democracy, participation and the ‘third sector' . Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy , 18, : 3 – 16 .
  • Bury Borough Council . Minutes of the Council Meeting . December 12 .
  • Butler , D. and Kitzinger , U. 1996 . The 1975 referendum , Basingstoke : Macmillan .
  • Copus , C. 2009 . English elected mayors: Developing a new form of local political leadership in England, or moving on in the same old style? , Local Governance Research Unit, De Montfort University .
  • Crooks , K. A. Water Warfare in Scotland . Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication . August 10–13 , Anaheim , CA .
  • Devine , P. 2007 . “ Congestion charge latest: Stockport Council says “no” . In Stockport Express [online] Available from: http://www.stockportexpress.co.uk/news/s/526576_congestion_charge_latest_stockport_council_says_no [Accessed 8 June 2010]
  • Electoral Commission . 2010 . Directly elected mayors . Factsheet , October
  • Emmerson , C. and Hall , J. 1998 . Modernising local democracy: a response to the government's consultation process on local government , London : Institute for Fiscal Studies .
  • Game , C. Elected mayors: more distraction than attraction . PSA Annual Conference . April .
  • Huitt , R. K. and Peabody , R. L. 1969 . Congress: two decades of analysis , New York : Harper and Row .
  • 1981 . Pointers: Local government; NHS; housing; consumers . Public Money & Management , 1 ( 3 ) : 3 – 7 .
  • Labour Party . 1997 . Manifesto , London : Labour Party .
  • LeDuc , L. 2003 . The politics of direct democracy: referendums in global perspective , Peterborough , Ont. : Broadview Press .
  • Lee , E. 2007 . Can the British voter be trusted? The local referendum and tax reform . Public Administration , 66 ( 2 ) : 165 – 180 .
  • Local Government Chronicle . 2002 . Croydon Votes for 3.65% Rise in Tax Referendum [online] Available from: http://www.lgcplus.com/lgc-news/croydon-votes-for-365-rise-in-tax-referendum/1306053.article [Accessed 22 November 2010]
  • Manchester City Council . 2007a . Questions to the leader in 2007 [online] Available from: http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200033/councillors_democracy_and_elections/2742/leader_of_the_council_councillor_richard_leese/4 [Accessed 13 August 2010]
  • Manchester City Council . 5 September 2007b . Report for Resolution 5 September ,
  • Manchester Liberal Democrats Online . 2008 . 88% want congestion charge referendum [online] Available from: http://manchester-libdems.org.uk/news/000530/88_want_congestion_charge_referendum.html [Accessed 12 August 2010]
  • McConnell , A. Has devolution transformed Scottish local government? Notes from a small country facing common problems of governance . Paper presented to the Australasian Political Studies Association Conference . 29 September–1 October , Adelaide , Australia.
  • McNulty , D. 2010 . About Des McNulty MSP [online] Available from: http://www.desmcnulty.co.uk/about-des [Accessed 12 August 2010]
  • Milton Keynes Council . 8 December 1999 . Innovations in citizen participation in government , 8 December , Memorandum presented to the Select Committee on Public Administration .
  • Morel , L. 2001 . “ The strategic use of government-sponsored referendums in liberal democracies ” . In Referendum democracy: citizens, elites, and deliberation in referendums campaigns , Edited by: Mendelsohn , M. and Parkin , A. 47 – 64 . New York : Palgrave .
  • Morel , L. 2007 . The rise of “politically obligatory” referendums: The 2005 French referendum in comparative perspective . West European Politics , 30 ( 5 ) : 1041 – 1067 .
  • Office of the Deputy Prime Minister . Modern local government: in touch with the people . White Paper .
  • Qvortrup , M. 2005 . A comparative study of referendums: government by the people , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
  • Qvortrup , M. 2006 . Democracy by delegation: the decision to hold referendums in the United Kingdom . Representation , 42 ( 1 ) : 59 – 72 .
  • Rallings , C. and Thrasher , M. “The ‘No's’ have it”: using referendums in sub-national policy-making in Britain Paper prepared for the Western Political Science Association Conference . Vancouver , Canada.
  • Rallings , C. , Thrasher , M. and Cowling , D. 2002 . ‘Mayoral Referendums and Elections’ . Local Government Studies , 28 ( 4 ) : 67 – 90 .
  • Rye , T. , Gaunt , M. and Ison , S. 2008 . Edinburgh's congestion charging plans: An analysis of reasons for non-implementation . Transportation Planning and Technology , 31 ( 6 ) : 641 – 661 .
  • Sandford , M. 2004 . Elected mayors I: Political innovation, electoral systems and revitalising democracy . Local Government Studies , 30 ( 1 ) : 1 – 21 .
  • Smith , D. A. and Tolbert , C. J. 2004 . Educated by initiative: The effects of direct democracy on citizens and political organizations in the American states , Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan Press .
  • Smith , M. A. 2002 . Ballot initiatives and the democratic citizen . The Journal of Politics , 64 ( 3 ) : 892 – 903 .
  • Snelson , G. 1999 . The Milton Keynes council budget referendum: A case study . Local Governance , 26 ( 1 ) : 15 – 30 .
  • Stake , R. E. 2000 . “ Case studies ” . In Handbook of qualitative research, , 2nd edition , Edited by: Denzin , N. K. and Lincoln , Y. S. 435 – 454 . Thousand Oaks , California : Sage .
  • Sutela , M. 2001 . Comparative aspects of local direct democracy: The municipal referendum in Finland, Sweden, Germany and Switzerland . European Public Law , 7 ( 4 ) : 651 – 670 .
  • Thompson , J. 2001 . Council tax levels put in the hands of the voters. [online] Available from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/council-tax-levels-put-in-the-hands-of-the-voters-691321.html [Accessed 21 July 2010]
  • Tolbert , C. J. , Grummel , J. A. and Smith , D. A. 2001 . The effects of ballot initiatives on voter turnout in the American states . American Politics Research , 29 ( 6 ) : 625 – 648 .
  • Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council . Minutes of the Executive Meeting . July 24 .
  • Vetter , A. 2009 . Citizens versus parties: Explaining institutional change in German local government, 1989–2008 . Local Government Studies , 35 ( 1 ) : 125 – 142 .
  • Williams , R. J. and Greenaway , J. R. 1975 . The referendum in British politics: a dissenting view . Parliamentary Affairs , 28 ( 3 ) : 250 – 260 .
  • 2000 . Local government systems: from historic divergence towards convergence? Great Britain, France, and Germany as comparative cases in point . Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy , 18 : 33 – 55 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.