Local governments and their arm’s length bodies

References

• Aars, J., and H.-E. Ringkjøb. 2011. “Local Democracy Td: The Political Control of Local Government Enterprises in Norway.” Public Management Review 13 (6): 825–844. doi:10.1080/14719037.2010.539110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilera, R. V., and A. Cuervo-Cazurra. 2009. “Codes of Good Governance.” Corporate Governance 17 (1): 376–387. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8683.2009.00737.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allers, M. A., and B. Van Ommeren. 2016. “Intermunicipal Cooperation, Municipal Amalgamation and the Price of Credit.” Local Government Studies 42 (5): 717–738. doi:10.1080/03003930.2016.1171754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allers, M. A., and J. A. De Greef. 2018. “Intermunicipal Cooperation, Public Spending and Service Levels.” Local Government Studies 44 (1): 127–150. doi:10.1080/03003930.2017.1380630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allix, M., and S. van Thiel. 2005. “Mapping the Field of Quasi-autonomous Organizations in France and Italy.” International Journal of Public Management 8 (1): 39–55.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, R., L. Ferry, C. Skelcher, and P. Wegorowski. 2019. “Corporatization in the Public Sector: Explaining the Growth of Local Government Companies.” Public Administration Review. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/puar.13052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argento, D., G. Grossi, T. Tagesson, and S.-O. Collin. 2010. “The 'Externalisation' of Local Public Service Delivery: Experience in Italy and Sweden.” International Journal of Public Policy 5 (1): 41–56. doi: 10.1504/IJPP.2010.029780.
   Google Scholar
• Askim, J. 2007. “How Do Politicians Use Performance Information? an Analysis of the Norwegian Local Government Experience.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 73 (3): 453–472. doi:10.1177/0020852307081152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel, G., and M. Sebo 2018. “Does Inter-Municipal Cooperation Really Reduce Delivery Costs? an Empirical Evaluation of the Role of Scale Economies, Transaction Costs, and Governance Arrangements.” Working paper No. 201816. Barcelona: University of Barcelona, Research Institute of Applied Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Bel, G., and M. Warner. 2008. “Does Privatization of Solid Waste and Water Services Reduce Costs? A Review of Empirical Studies.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52 (12): 1337–1348. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.07.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel, G., and M. E. Warner. 2015. “Inter‐Municipal Cooperation and Costs: Expectations and Evidence.” Public Administration 93 (1): 52–67. doi:10.1111/padm.2015.93.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel, G., and X. Fageda. 2007. “Why Do Local Governments Privatize Public Services? A Survey of Empirical Studies.” Local Government Studies 33 (4): 517–534. doi:10.1080/03003930701417528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel, G., and X. Fageda. 2010. “Partial Privatisation in Local Services Delivery: an Empirical Analysis Of The Choice Of Mixed Firms.” Local Government Studies 36 (1): 129-149. doi:10.1080/03003930903435856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaeschke, F., and P. Haug. 2018. “Does Intermunicipal Cooperation Increase Efficiency? A Conditional Metafrontier Approach for the Hessian Wastewater Sector.” Local Government Studies 44 (1): 151–171. doi:10.1080/03003930.2017.1395741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolgherini, S. 2014. “Can Austerity Lead to Recentralisation? Italian Local Government during the Economic Crisis.” South European Society and Politics 19 (2): 193–214. doi:10.1080/13608746.2014.895086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordeaux, C. 2004. “A Question of Genesis: An Analysis of the Determinants of Public Authorities.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 15 (3): 441–462. doi:10.1093/jopart/mui020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyne, G. A. 1998. “Competitive Tendering in Local Government: A Review of Theory and Evidence.” Public Administration 76 (4): 695–712. doi:10.1111/padm.1998.76.issue-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T., and M. Potoski. 2006. “Contracting for Management: Assessing Management Capacity under Alternative Service Delivery Arrangements.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 25 (2): 323–346. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. L., and M. Potoski. 2003. “Contract-Management Capacity in Municipal and County Governments.” Public Administration Review 63 (2): 153–164. doi:10.1111/puar.2003.63.issue-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruton, G., M. Peng, D. Ahlstrom, C. Stand, and K. Xu. 2015. “State-Owned Enterprises around the World as Hybrid Organizations.” Academy of Management Perspectives 29 (1): 92–114. doi:10.5465/amp.2013.0069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buenrostro, O., and G. Bocco. 2003. “Solid Waste Management in Municipalities in Mexico: Goals and Perspectives.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 39 (3): 251–263. doi:10.1016/S0921-3449(03)00031-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadbury, A. 2000. “The Corporate Governance Agenda.” Corporate Governance 8 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1111/1467-8683.00175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cäker, M., and K. Nyland. 2017. “Inter‐Organizational Cooperation Challenging Hierarchical Accountability: The Dominated Actors in a Municipal Joint Venture.” Financial Accountability and Management 33 (1): 102–120. doi:10.1111/faam.12115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambini, C., M. Filippini, M. Piacenza, and D. Vannoni. 2011. “Corporatization and Firm Performance: Evidence from Publicly-Provided Local Utilities.” Review of Law and Economics 7 (1): 191–213. doi:10.2202/1555-5879.1428.
   Google Scholar
• Carini, C., D. Giacomini, and C. Teodori. 2019. “Accounting Reform in Italy and Perceptions on the Local Government Consolidated Report.” International Journal of Public Administration 42 (3): 195–204. doi:10.1080/01900692.2017.1423500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citroni, G., A. Lippi, and S. Profeti. 2013. “Remapping the State: Inter-Municipal Cooperation through Corporatisation and Public-Private Governance Structures.” Local Government Studies 39 (2): 208–234. doi:10.1080/03003930.2012.707615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornforth, C. 2012. “Nonprofit Governance Research: Limitations of the Focus on Boards and Suggestions for New Directions.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 41 (6): 1116-1135. doi:10.1177/0899764011427959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Cruz, N. F., and R. C. Marques. 2012. “Mixed Companies and Local Governance: No Man Can Serve Two Masters.” Public Administration 90 (3): 737–758. doi:10.1111/padm.2012.90.issue-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. H., F. D. Schoorman, and L. Donaldson. 1997. “Toward a Stewardship Theory of Management.” The Academy of Management Review 22 (1): 20–47. doi:10.5465/amr.1997.9707180258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkgraaf, E., R. H. Gradus, and B. Melenberg. 2003. “Contracting Out Refuse Collection.” Empirical Economics 28 (3): 553–570. doi:10.1007/s001810200145.
   Google Scholar
• Dollery, B., L. Crase, and J. Byrnes. 2006. “Local Government Failure: Why Does Australian Local Government Experience Permanent Financial Austerity?” Australian Journal of Political Science 41 (3): 339–353. doi:10.1080/10361140600848952.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domberger, S., and P. Jensen. 1997. “Contracting Out by the Public Sector: Theory, Evidence, Prospects.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 13 (4): 67–78. doi:10.1093/oxrep/13.4.67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernita Joaquin, M., and T. J. Greitens. 2012. “Contract Management Capacity Breakdown? an Analysis of US Local Governments.” Public Administration Review 72 (6): 807–816. doi:10.1111/puar.2012.72.issue-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feiock, R. C. 2007. “Rational Choice and Regional Governance.” Journal of Urban Affairs 29: 47–63. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9906.2007.00322.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferry, L., R. Andrews, C. Skelcher, and P. Wegorowski. 2018. “New Development: Corporatization of Local Authorities in England in the Wake of Austerity 2010–2016.” Public Money and Management 38 (6): 477–480. doi:10.1080/09540962.2018.1486629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flinders, M., and F. Matthews. 2010. “Think Again: Patronage, Governance and the Smarter State.” Policy and Politics 38 (4): 639–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florio, M., and F. Fecher. 2011. “The Future of Public Enterprises: Contributions to a New Disclosure.” Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 82 (4): 361–373. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8292.2011.00445.x.
   Google Scholar
• Garrone, P., L. Grilli, and X. Rousseau. 2013. “Management Discretion and Political Interference in Municipal Enterprises. Evidence from Italian Utilities.” Local Government Studies 39 (4): 514–540. doi:10.1080/03003930.2012.726198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradus, R. H., E. Dijkgraaf, and M. Wassenaar. 2014. “Understanding Mixed Forms Of Refuse Collection, Privatization, and its Reverse in The Netherlands.” International Public Management Journal 17 (3): 328-343. doi:10.1080/10967494.2014.935237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve, C., M. V. Flinders, and S. van Thiel. 1999. “Quangos: What’s in a Name? Defining Quasi-autonomous Bodies from a Comparative Perspective.” Governance 12 (1): 129–146. doi:10.1111/0952-1895.951999095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossi, G., and C. Reichard. 2008. “Municipal Corporatization in Germany and Italy.” Public Management Review 10 (5): 597–617. doi:10.1080/14719030802264275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossi, G., U. Papenfuß, and M. Tremblay. 2015. “Corporate Governance and Accountability of State-Owned Enterprises: Relevance for Science and Society and Interdisciplinary Research Perspectives.” International Journal of Public Sector Management 28 (4): 274–285. doi:10.1108/IJPSM-09-2015-0166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hefetz, A., and M. E. Warner. 2004. “Privatization and Its Reverse: Explaining the Dynamics of the Government Contracting Process.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 14 (2): 171–190. doi:10.1093/jopart/muh012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hefetz, A., and M. E. Warner. 2011. “Contracting or Public Delivery? the Importance of Service, Market, and Management Characteristics.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 22 (2): 289–317. doi:10.1093/jopart/mur006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinna, A., E. De Nito, and G. Mangia. 2010. “Board of Directors within Public Organisations: A Literature Review.” International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics 5 (3): 131–156. doi:10.1504/IJBGE.2010.033343.
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch, W. 1995. “Contracting Out by Urban Governments: A Review.” Urban Affairs Quarterly 30 (3): 458–472. doi:10.1177/107808749503000307.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, G. A. 2000. Privatization: An International Review of Performance. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holmstrom, B. R., and J. Tirole. 1989. “The Theory of the Firm.” In Handbook of Industrial Organization 1, edited by R. Schmalensee and R. Willig, 61–133. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Hulst, R., and A. Van Montfort. 2012. “Institutional Features of Inter-Municipal Cooperation: Cooperative Arrangements and Their National Contexts.” Public Policy and Administration 27 (2): 121–144. doi:10.1177/0952076711403026.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, D. I. 2009. “A Tragedy of the Councils? Exploring the Hollowing-Out Hypothesis: The Case of Norwegian Local Authorities.” Lex Localis 7 (3): 221–242. doi:10.4335/84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, O., S. Jilke, C. Petersen, and S. Van de Walle. 2016. “Citizens’ Blame of Politicians for Public Service Failure: Experimental Evidence about Blame Reduction through Delegation and Contracting.” Public Administration Review 76 (1): 83–93. doi:10.1111/puar.12471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, P. 2001. Local Governance in Western Europe. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, T., and S. Van Thiel. 2018. “Perceived Managerial Autonomy in Municipally Owned Corporations: Disentangling The Impact Of Output Control, Process Control, and Policy-profession Conflict.” Public Management Review 21 (2): 187–211. doi: 10.1080/14719037.2018.1473472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhlman, S., and G. Bouckaert. 2016. Local Public Sector Reforms in Times of Crisis: National Trajectories and International Comparisons. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• LeRoux, K., and J. B. Carr. 2007. “Explaining Local Government Cooperation on Public Works: Evidence from Michigan.” Public Works Management and Policy 12 (1): 344–358. doi:10.1177/1087724X07302586.
   Google Scholar
• Lidström, A. 2017. “Public Authorities and Intermunicipal Cooperation in a European Context.” Urban Affairs Review 53 (2): 403–409. doi:10.1177/1078087416630613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowndes, V., and A. Gardner. 2016. “Local Governance under the Conservatives: Super-Austerity, Devolution and the ‘smarter State’.” Local Government Studies 42 (3): 357–375. doi:10.1080/03003930.2016.1150837.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, R., M. Höllerer, and S. Leixnering. 2018. “A Question of Value(s): Political Connectedness and Executive Compensation in Public Sector Organizations.” International Public Management Journal 21 (3): 477–500. doi:10.1080/10967494.2015.1094162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moynihan, D. P. 2006. “Ambiguity in Policy Lessons: The Agencification Experience.” Public Administration 84 (4): 1029–1050. doi:10.1111/padm.2006.84.issue-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overmans, J. F. A., and M. Noordegraaf. 2014. “Managing Austerity: Rhetorical and Real Responses to Fiscal Stress in Local Government.” Public Money and Management 34 (2): 99–106. doi:10.1080/09540962.2014.887517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papenfuß, U., M. Van Genugten, J. De Kruijf, and S. Van Thiel. 2018. “Implementation of EU Initiatives on Gender Diversity and Executive Directors’ Pay in Municipally-Owned Enterprises in Germany and the Netherlands.” Public Money and Management 38 (2): 87–96. doi:10.1080/09540962.2018.1407133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, J. 2014. “Pushing Austerity: State Failure, Municipal Bankruptcy and the Crises of Fiscal Federalism in the USA.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 7 (1): 17–44. doi:10.1093/cjres/rst018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, B., and J. Pierre. 2004. Politicization of the Civil Service in Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Plummer, J. 2013. Municipalities and Community Participation: A Sourcebook for Capacity Building. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Reeves, E. 2013. “The Not so Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Over Twelve Years of PPP in Ireland.” Local Government Studies 39 (3): 375–395. doi:10.1080/03003930.2013.781023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, M., A. F. Tavares, and J. F. F. E. De Araújo. 2012. “Municipal Service Delivery: The Role of Transaction Costs in the Choice between Alternative Governance Mechanisms.” Local Government Studies 38 (5): 615–638. doi:10.1080/03003930.2012.666211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shleifer, A., and R. W. Vishny. 1997. “A Survey of Corporate Governance.” Journal of Finance 52 (2): 737–783. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb04820.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvestre, H. C., R. C. Marques, and R. C. Gomes. 2018. “Joined-up Government of Utilities: A Meta-Review on A Public-Private Partnership and Inter-Municipal Cooperation in the Water and Wastewater Industries.” Public Management Review 20 (4): 607–631. doi:10.1080/14719037.2017.1363906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skelcher, C. 2010. “Changing Images of the State: Overloaded, Hollow-out, Congested.” Public Policy and Administration 15 (3): 3–19. doi:10.1177/095207670001500302.
   Google Scholar
• Sørensen, R. J. 2007. “Does Dispersed Public Ownership Impair Efficiency? the Case of Refuse Collection in Norway.” Public Administration 85: 1045–1058. doi:10.1111/padm.2007.85.issue-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soukopová, J., and G. Vaceková. 2018. “Internal Factors of Intermunicipal Cooperation: What Matters Most and Why?” Local Government Studies 44 (1): 105–126. doi:10.1080/03003930.2017.1395739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spicer, Z. 2017. “Bridging the Accountability and Transparency Gap in Inter-municipal Collaboration.” Local Government Studies 43 (3): 388–407. doi:10.1080/03003930.2017.1288617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavares, A. F. 2017. “Ten Years After: Revisiting the Determinants of the Adoption of Municipal Corporations for Local Service Delivery.” Local Government Studies 43 (5): 697–706. doi:10.1080/03003930.2017.1356723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavares, A. F., and P. J. Camöes. 2007. “Local Service Delivery Choices in Portugal: a Political Transaction Costs Framework.” Local Government Studies 33 (4): 535-553. doi:10.1080/03003930701417544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavares, A. F., and P. J. Camões. 2010. “New Forms of Local Governance: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Municipal Corporations in Portugal.” Public Management Review 12 (5): 587–606. doi:10.1080/14719031003633193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Bogt, H. J. 2004. “Politicians in Search of Performance Information? Survey Research on Dutch Aldermen’s Use of Performance Information.” Financial Accountability and Management 20 (3): 221–252. doi:10.1111/fam.2004.20.issue-3.
   Google Scholar
• Torsteinsen, H., and M. Van Genugten. 2016. “Waste Management in the Netherlands and Norway – From In-House Delivery to Inter-Municipal Cooperation.” In Local Public Sector Reforms in Times of Crisis: National Trajectories and International Comparisons, edited by S. Kuhlman and G. Bouckaert, 205–220. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Torsteinsen, H. 2019. “Debate: Corporatization in Local Government - the Need for a Comparative and Multi-Disciplinary Research Approach.” Public Money and Management 39 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1080/09540962.2019.1537702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Walt, N., and C. Ingley. 2003. “Board Dynamics and the Influence of Professional Background, Gender and Ethnic Diversity Of Directors.” Corporate Governance 11 (3): 218-234.
   Google Scholar
• Van Genugten, M. 2008. The Art of Alignment: Transaction Cost Economics and Public Service Delivery at the Local Level. Enschede: University of Twente.
   Google Scholar
• Van Slyke, D. M. 2006. “Agents or Stewards: Using Theory to Understand the Government-Nonprofit Social Service Contracting Relationship.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17 (2): 157–187. doi:10.1093/jopart/mul012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Slyke, D. M., and C. H. Roch. 2004. “What Do They Know, and Whom Do They Hold Accountable? Citizens in the Government-Nonprofit Contracting Relationship.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 14 (2): 191–209. doi:10.1093/jopart/muh013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Thiel, S. 2004. “Quangos in Dutch Government.” In Unbundled Government: A Critical Analysis of the Government: A Critical Analysis of the Global Trend to Agencies, Quasi-autonomous Bodies and Contractualisation, edited by C. Pollitt and C. Talbot, 167–183. United Kingdom: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Van Thiel, S. 2012. “Comparing Agencies across Countries.” In Government Agencies: Practices and Lessons from 30 Countries, edited by K. Verhoest, S. Van Thiel, G. Bouckaert, and P. Lægreid, 18–26. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Van Thiel, S. 2015. “Boards of Public Sector Organizations: A Typology with Dutch Illustrations.” International Journal of Public Sector Management 28 (4/5): 322–334. doi:10.1108/IJPSM-04-2015-0072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Thiel, S. 2016. “Principal-agent Theory.” In Perspectives on Public Sector Reform, edited by S. Van de Walle and S. Groeneveld, 44–60. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Verhoest, K., B. G. Peters, G. Bouckaert, and B. Verschuere. 2004. “The Study of Organizational Autonomy: A Conceptual Review.” Public Administration and Development 24 (2): 101–118. doi:10.1002/pad.316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoest, K., S. Van Thiel, G. Bouckaert, and P. Lægreid, Eds. 2012. Government Agencies: Practices and Lessons from 30 Countries. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Voorn, B., M. Van Genugten, and S. Van Thiel. 2017. “The Efficiency and Effectiveness of Municipally Owned Corporations: A Systematic Review.” Local Government Studies 43 (5): 820–841. doi:10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorn, B., M. Van Genugten, and S. Van Thiel. 2019b. “Multiple Principals, Multiple Problems: A Framework for Effective Governance and A Research Agenda for Joint Service Delivery.” Public Administration 97: 671–685. doi:10.1111/padm.12587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorn, B., S. Van Thiel, and M. Van Genugten. 2018. “Corporatization as More than a Recent Crisis-Driven Development.” Public Money and Management 38 (7): 481–482. doi:10.1080/09540962.2018.1527533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorn, B., W. Nolden, M. Van Genugten, and S. Van Thiel 2019a. “Capacity, Expertise, Ideology, or Relations: Antecedents of Performance Management after Local Corporatization.” Paper presented at UiT Workshop on Corporatization in Local Government, Tromsø, Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Zattoni, A., and F. Cuomo. 2008. “Why Adopt Codes of Good Governance? A Comparison of Institutional and Efficiency Perspectives.” Corporate Governance 16 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1111/corg.2008.16.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar