Pragmatic Municipalism: Privatization and Remunicipalisation in the US

References

• Adler, M. 1999. “Been there, done that! The privatization of street cleaning in nineteenth century New York.“ New Labor Forum 4: 88–99. https://www.proquest.com/docview/237229197?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
   Google Scholar
• Albalate, D., and G. Bel. 2021. “Politicians, Bureaucrats and the Public–Private Choice in Public Service Delivery: Anybody There Pushing for Remunicipalization?” Journal of Economic Policy Reform 24 (3): 361–379. doi:10.1080/17487870.2019.1685385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albalate, D., G. Bel, R. Gradus, and E. Reeves. 2021. “Re-Municipalization of Local Public Services: Incidence, Causes and Prospects.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 87 (3): 419–424. doi:10.1177/00208523211006455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldag, A. M. 2019. “Who Votes for Mayor? Evidence from Midsized American Cities.” Local Government Studies 45 (4): 526–545. doi:10.1080/03003930.2019.1571997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, R. P., and L. Hungaro. 2021. “Water and Sanitation Governance Between Austerity and Financialization.” Utilities Policy 71: 101229. doi:10.1016/j.jup.2021.101229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angel, J. 2021. “New Municipalism and the State: Remunicipalising Energy in Barcelona, from Prosaics to Process.” Antipode 53 (2): 524–545. doi:10.1111/anti.12687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araral, E. 2009a. “The Failure of Water Utilities Privatization: Synthesis of Evidence, Analysis and Implications.” Policy and Society 27 (3): 221–228. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2008.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araral, E. 2009b. “Privatization and Regulation of Public Services: A Framework for Institutional Analysis.” Policy and Society 27 (3): 175–180. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2008.10.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atuahuene, B. (2020). Predatory Cities, California Law Review https://works.bepress.com/bernadette_atuahene/52/
   Google Scholar
• Barter, P. A. 2008. “Public Planning with Business Delivery of Excellent Urban Public Transport.” Policy and Society 27 (2): 103–114. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2008.09.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beecher, J. A. (2019). “Corporate Consolidation of Water Utilities: Is Fair Market Value Fair?” https://ipu.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Beecher-Fair-Market-Value-Water-Nov-2019.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Beecher, J. A., and J. A. Kalmbach. 2013. “Structure, Regulation, and Pricing of Water in the United States: A Study of the Great Lakes Region.” Utilities Policy 24: 32–47. doi:10.1016/j.jup.2012.08.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel, G. 2020. “Public versus Private Water Delivery, Remunicipalization and Water Tariffs.” Utilities Policy 62: 100982. doi:10.1016/j.jup.2019.100982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel, G., T. Brown, and M. E. Warner. 2014. “Mixed and Hybrid Models of Public Service Delivery.” International Public Management Journal 17 (3): 297–307. doi:10.1080/10967494.2014.935231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel, G., and X. Fageda. 2017. “What Have We Learned from the Last Three Decades of Empirical Studies on Factors Driving Local Privatisation?” Local Government Studies 43 (4): 503–511. doi:10.1080/03003930.2017.1303486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel, G., X. Fageda, and M. E. Warner. 2010. “Is Private Production of Public Services Cheaper Than Public Production? A Meta-Regression Analysis of Solid Waste and Water Services.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 29 (3): 553–577. doi:10.1002/pam.20509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel, G., and R. Gradus. 2018. “Privatisation, Contracting-Out and Inter-Municipal Cooperation: New Developments in Local Public Service Delivery.” Local Government Studies 44 (1): 11–21. doi:10.1080/03003930.2017.1403904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel, G., and M. Sebő. 2020. “Waste Management Reform: Introducing and Enhancing Competition to Improve Service Delivery.” Waste Management 118: 637–646. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel, G., and M. E. Warner. 2015. “Inter-Municipal Cooperation and Costs: Expectations and Evidence.” Public Administration: An International Quarterly 93 (1): 52–67. doi:10.1111/padm.12104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo, N., M. E. Warner, and A. Aldag. 2020. Grabbing Market Share, Taming Rogue Cities and Crippling Counties: Views from the Field on State Preemption of Local Authority. Ithaca, NY: Dept. of City and Regional Planning, Cornell University. http://cms.mildredwarner.org/p/298.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. L., and M. Potoski. 2004. “Transaction Costs and Institutional Explanations for Government Service Production Decisions.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 13 (4): 441–468. doi:10.1093/jopart/mug030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. L., M. Potoski, and D. M. Van Slyke. 2008. “Changing Modes of Service Delivery: How Past Choices Structure Future Choices.” Environment and Planning C, Government & Policy 26 (1): 127–143. doi:10.1068/c0633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carolini, G. Y., and P. Raman. 2021. “Why Detailing Spatial Equity Matters in Water and Sanitation Evaluations.” Journal of the American Planning Association 87 (1): 101–107. doi:10.1080/01944363.2020.1788416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, E., S. Saussier, and B. S. Silverman. 2015. “Water Under the Bridge: Determinants of Franchise Renewal in Water Provision.” The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 31 (suppl_1): i3–39. doi:10.1093/jleo/ewv010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citizens for Government Accountability. (2021). https://www.applevalleycitizens.org/2021/05/11/judge-makes-preliminary-ruling-against-apple-valley-taking-over-water-system/
   Google Scholar
• Clifton, J., M. E. Warner, R. Gradus, and G. Bel. 2021. “Re-Municipalization of Public Services: Trend or Hype?” Journal of Economic Policy Reform 24 (3): 293–304. doi:10.1080/17487870.2019.1691344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumbers, A., and F. Paul. 2022. “Remunicipalisation, Mutating Neoliberalism and the Conjuncture.” Antipode 54 (1): 197–217. doi:10.1111/anti.12761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amore, G., L. Landriani, and L. Lepore. 2021. “Ownership and Sustainability of Italian Water Utilities: The Stakeholder Role.” Utilities Policy 71: 101228. doi:10.1016/j.jup.2021.101228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deloitte. 2005. Calling a Change in the Outsourcing Market. New York: Deloitte Consulting.
   Google Scholar
• Donald, B., A. Glasmeier, M. Gray, and L. Lobao. 2014. “Austerity in the City: Economic Crisis and Urban Service Decline?” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 7 (1): 3–15. doi:10.1093/cjres/rst040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigenbaum, H., and J. Henig. 1994. “The Political Underpinnings of Privatization: A Typology.” World Politics 46 (2): 185–208. doi:10.2307/2950672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitch, K. 2007. “Water Privatisation in France and Germany: The Importance of Local Interest Groups.” Local Government Studies 33 (4): 589–605. doi:10.1080/03003930701417627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallos, P. (2019) Who’s Profiting from Repairs to Aging Water and Sewer Systems, NJ Spotlight News, Sept 12. https://www.njspotlight.com/2019/09/19-09-11-op-ed-whos-profiting-from-repairs-to-aging-water-and-sewer-systems/
   Google Scholar
• Girth, A. M., A. Hefetz, J. M. Johnston, and M. E. Warner. 2012. “Outsourcing Public Service Delivery: Management Responses in Noncompetitive Markets.” Public Administration Review 72 (6): 887–900. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02596.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez Rivas, M. G., and C. Schroering. 2021. “Pittsburgh’s Translocal Social Movement: A Case of the New Public Water.” Utilities Policy 71: 101230. doi:10.1016/j.jup.2021.101230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradus, R., and T. Budding. 2020. “Political and Institutional Explanations for Increasing Re-Municipalization.” Urban Affairs Review 56 (2): 538–564. doi:10.1177/1078087418787907.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradus, R., M. Schoute, and T. Budding. 2021. “Shifting Modes of Service Delivery in Dutch Local Government.” Journal of Economic Policy Reform 24 (3): 333–346. doi:10.1080/17487870.2019.1630123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna, T. M., and D. A. McDonald. 2021. “From Pragmatic to Politicized? The Future of Water Remunicipalization in the United States.” Utilities Policy 72: 101276. doi:10.1016/j.jup.2021.101276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, O. D., A. Shleifer, and R. W. Vishny. 1997. “The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (4): 1127–1161. doi:10.1162/003355300555448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebdon, R., and P. Jalette. 2008. “The Restructuring of Municipal Services: A Canada—United States Comparison.” Environment and Planning C, Government & Policy 26 (1): 144–158. doi:10.1068/c0634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hefetz, A. 2016. “The Communicative Policy Maker Revisited: Public Administration in a Twenty-First Century Cultural-Choice Framework.” Local Government Studies 42 (4): 527–535. doi:10.1080/03003930.2016.1181060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hefetz, A., and M. E. Warner. 2004. “Privatization and Its Reverse: Explaining the Dynamics of the Government Contracting Process.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 14 (2): 171–190. doi:10.1093/jopart/muh012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hefetz, A., and M. E. Warner. 2007. “Beyond the Market Vs. Planning Dichotomy: Understanding Privatisation and Its Reverse in US Cities.” Local Government Studies 33 (4): 555–572. doi:10.1080/03003930701417585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hefetz, A., and M. E. Warner. 2012. “Contracting or Public Delivery? The Importance of Service, Market, and Management Characteristics.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 22 (2): 289–317. doi:10.1093/jopart/mur006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hefetz, A., M. E. Warner, and E. Vigoda-Gadot. 2012. “Privatization and Intermunicipal Contracting: The US Local Government Experience 1992–2007.” Environment and Planning C, Government & Policy 30 (4): 675–692. doi:10.1068/c11166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertel-Fernandez, A. 2019. State Capture: How Conservative Activists, Big Businesses, and Wealthy Donors Reshaped the American States – and the Nation. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoedeman, O., S. Kishimoto, and M. Pigeon. 2013. Remunicipalization: Putting Water Back into Public Hands. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Hood, C. 1991. “A Public Management for All Seasons?” Public administration 69 (1): 3–19. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00779.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janney Capital Markets. 2013. “Think Secular, Act Cyclical: The Pragmatist’s Guide to Water.” Equity Research Industry Report, November, 13: 55–57.
   Google Scholar
• Joassart-Marcelli, P., and J. Musso. 2005. “Municipal Service Provision Choices Within a Metropolitan Area.” Urban Affairs Review 40 (4): 492–519. doi:10.1177/1078087404272305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. 2018. “Can Alternative Service Delivery Save Cities After the Great Recession? Barriers to Privatisation and Cooperation.” Local Government Studies 44 (1): 44–63. doi:10.1080/03003930.2017.1395740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., and M. E. Warner. 2016. “Pragmatic Municipalism: Local Government Service Delivery in the Great Recession.” Public Administration: An International Quarterly 94 (3): 789–805. doi:10.1111/padm.12267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., and M. E. Warner. 2018. “Shrinking Local Autonomy: Corporate Coalitions and the Subnational State.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11 (3): 427–441. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsy020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto, S., O. Petitjean, and L. Steinfort. 2017. Reclaiming Public Services. how Cities and Citizens are Turning Back Privatization. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Kline, K. J. (2018). Water Distribution System Improvement Charges: A Review of Practices, Report No. 18-01, National Regulatory Research Institute, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, J., and S. Tadelis. 2010. “Contracting for Government Services: Theory and Evidence from US Cities.” The Journal of Industrial Economics 58 (3): 507–541. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6451.2010.00430.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobina, E. 2017. “Water Remunicipalisation: Between Pendulum Swings and Paradigm Advocacy .” In Urban Water Trajectories, edited by Bell, S., Allen, A., Hofmann, P. and Teh, T.-H., 149–161. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lobina, E., and V. Weghmann. 2021. “Commentary: The Perils and Promise of Inter-Paradigmatic Dialogues on Remunicipalisation.” Journal of Economic Policy Reform 24 (3): 398–404. doi:10.1080/17487870.2020.1810473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobina, E., V. Weghmann, and M. Marwa. 2019a. “Water Justice Will Not Be Televised: Moral Advocacy and the Struggle for Transformative Remunicipalisation in Jakarta.” Water Alternatives 12 (2): 725–748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobina, E., V. Weghmann, and K. Nicke. 2019b. Water remunicipalisation in Paris. France and Berlin, Germany: PSIRU.
   Google Scholar
• London, J. D. 2008. “Reasserting the State in Viet Nam Health Care and the Logics of Market-Leninism.” Policy and Society 27 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2008.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, C. L., and M. E. Warner. 2019. “Power Asymmetries and Limits to Eminent Domain: The Case of Missoula Water’s Municipalization.” Water Alternatives 12 (2): 725–737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, D. A. 2016. “The Weight of Water: Benchmarking for Public Water Services.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 48 (11): 2181–2200. doi:10.1177/0308518X16654913.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, D. A. 2018. “Remunicipalization: The Future of Water Services?” Geoforum 91: 47–56. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.02.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, D. A., and E. Swyngedouw. 2019. “The New Water Wars: Struggles for Remunicipalisation.” Water Alternatives 12 (2): 322–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. 2016. Fiscal Federalism 2016: Making Decentralisation Work: A Bird’s Eye View of Fiscal Decentralization. Paris: OECD. doi:10.1787/9789264254053-3-en.
   Google Scholar
• Onda, K., and M. Tewari. 2021. “Water Systems in California: Ownership, Geography and Affordability.” Utilities Policy 72 (3): 101279. doi:10.1016/j.jup.2021.101279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne, D. E., and T. Gaebler. 1992. Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley).
   Google Scholar
• Painter, M., and K. H. Mok. 2008. “Reasserting the Public in Public Service Delivery: The de-Privatization and de-Marketization of Education in China.” Policy and Society 27 (2): 137–150. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2008.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, J. 2014. “Pushing Austerity: State Failure, Municipal Bankruptcy and the Crises of Fiscal Federalism in the USA.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 7 (1): 17–44. doi:10.1093/cjres/rst018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérard, E. 2009. “Water Supply: Public or Private? An Approach Based on Cost of Funds, Transaction Costs, Efficiency and Political Costs.” Policy and Society 27 (3): 193–219. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2008.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, G., and K. Gmoser-Daskalakis. 2021. “Multifaceted Intra-City Water System Arrangements in California: Influences and Implications for Residents.” Utilities Policy 71: 101231. doi:10.1016/j.jup.2021.101231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesh, M. 2008. “Reasserting the Role of the State in the Healthcare Sector: Lessons from Asia.” Policy and Society 27 (2): 129–136. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2008.09.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesh, M., E. Araral, and X. Wu. 2010. Reasserting the Public in Public Services. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Read, A., and K. Wert. 2021. How States are Using Pandemic Relief Funds to Boost Broadband Access. Washington, DC: Pew Charitable Trusts.
   Google Scholar
• Riverstone-Newell, L. 2017. “The Rise of State Preemption Laws in Response to Local Policy Innovation.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 47 (3): 403–425. doi:10.1093/publius/pjx037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, M. (2021). Socialist Aspirations and Local Realities: Dilemmas in Municipalization and Pseudomunicipalization During Milwaukee’s Socialist Era, paper presented at Unwinding Privatization workshop, Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, C. 2021. “Open Questions for Public Water Management: Discussions from Uruguay’s Restatization Process.” Utilities Policy 72: 101273. doi:10.1016/j.jup.2021.101273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savas, E. S. 1987. Privatization: The Key to Better Government. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers).
   Google Scholar
• Schmit, T., and R. Severson. 2021. “Exploring the Feasibility of Rural Broadband Cooperatives in the United States: The New New Deal?” Telecommunications Policy 45 (4): 102–114. doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarze, C. L. 2018. “We Want Wi-Fi: The Fcc’s Intervention in Municipal Broadband Networks.” Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 56 (1): 197–218.
   Google Scholar
• Slichter, S. H., J. J. Healy, and E. R. Livernash. 1960. The Impact of Collective Bargaining on Management. Vol. 4. Washington, DC: Brookings Inst Press.
   Google Scholar
• Transnational Institute. 2021. Remunicipalization Data Base. Amsterdam: TNI. https://publicfutures.org/#/index.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Treasury. 2021. Interim Final Rule. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Treasury.
   Google Scholar
• Voorn, B., M. K. Van Genugten, and S. Van Thiel. 2021. “Re-Interpreting Re-Municipalization: Finding Equilibrium.” Journal of Economic Policy Reform 24 (3): 305–318. doi:10.1080/17487870.2019.1701455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wait, I. W., and W. A. Petrie. 2017. “Comparison of Water Pricing for Publicly and Privately Owned Water Utilities in the United States.” Water International 42 (8): 967–980. doi:10.1080/02508060.2017.1406782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, M. E. 2008. “Reversing Privatization, Rebalancing Government Reform: Markets, Deliberation and Planning.” Policy and Society 27 (2): 163–174. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2008.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, M. E. 2016. “Pragmatic Publics in the Heartland of Capitalism: Local Services in the United States.” In Making Public in a Privatized World: The Struggle for Essential Services, edited by D. McDonald, 189–202, London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, M. E., and A. M. Aldag. 2021. “Re-Municipalization in the US: A Pragmatic Response to Contracting.” Journal of Economic Policy Reform 24 (3): 319–332. doi:10.1080/17487870.2019.1646133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, M. E., A. M. Aldag, and Y. Kim. 2021a. “Pragmatic Municipalism: US Local Government Responses to Fiscal Stress.” Public Administration Review 81 (3): 389–398. doi:10.1111/puar.13196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, M. E., A. M. Aldag, and Y. Kim. 2021b. “Privatization and Intermunicipal Cooperation in US Local Government Services: Balancing Fiscal Stress, Need and Political Interests.” Public Management Review 23 (9): 1359–1376. doi:10.1080/14719037.2020.1751255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, M. E., and J. Clifton. 2014. “Marketization, Public Services and the City: The Potential for Polanyian Counter Movements.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 7 (1): 45–61. doi:10.1093/cjres/rst028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, M. E., and R. Hebdon. 2001. “Local Government Restructuring: Privatization and Its Alternatives.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 20 (2): 315–336. doi:10.1002/pam.2027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, M. E., and A. Hefetz. 2012. “In-Sourcing and Outsourcing: The Dynamics of Privatization Among U.S. Municipalities 2002-2007.” Journal of the American Planning Association 78 (3): 313–327. doi:10.1080/01944363.2012.715552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, M. E., and A. Hefetz. 2020. “Contracting Dynamics and Unionization: Managing Labor, Political Interests and Markets.” Local Government Studies 46 (2): 228–252. doi:10.1080/03003930.2019.1670167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, M. E., P. M. Kelly, and X. Zhang. 2022. “Challenging Austerity Under the COVID-19 State.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, forthcoming. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsac032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, O. E. 1979. “Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations.” The Journal of Law & Economics 22 (2): 233–261. doi:10.1086/466942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., M. Gonzalez Rivas, M. E. Warner, and M. Grant. 2022. “Water Pricing and Affordability in the US: Public Vs Private Ownership.” Water Policy 24 (3): 500–516. doi:10.2166/wp.2022.283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar