Everyday teaching and outdoor learning: developing an integrated approach to support school-based provision

References

• Bentsen, P., E. Mygind, and T. B. Randrup. 2009. “Towards an Understanding of Udeskole: Education Outside the Classroom in a Danish Context.” Education 3-13 37 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1080/03004270802291780.
   Google Scholar
• Bentsen, P., J. Schipperijn, and F. S. Jensen. 2013. “Green Space as Classroom: Outdoor School Teachers’ Use, Preferences and Ecostrategies.” Landscape Research 38 (5): 561–575. doi: 10.1080/01426397.2012.690860
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentsen, P., F. Søndergaard Jensen, E. Mygind, and T. Barfoed Randrup. 2010. “The Extent and Dissemination of Udeskole in Danish Schools.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 9 (3): 235–243. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2010.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. "Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology." Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Buchsbaum, D., S. Bridgers, D. S. Weisberg, and A. Gopnik. 2012. “The Power of Possibility: Causal Learning, Counterfactual Reasoning, and Pretend Play.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367 (1599): 2202–2212. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, S. K. 2014. “Spacing and Interleaving of Study and Practice.” In Applying Science of Learning in Education: Infusing Psychological Science into the Curriculum, edited by V. A. Benassi, C. E. Overson, and C. M. Hakala , 131–141. Society for the Teaching of Psychology. Retrieved from the Society for the Teaching of Psychology web site: http://teachpsych.org/ebooks/asle2014/index.php: Society for the Teaching of Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Casey, T. 2003. School Ground Literature Review. Phase One of the Scottish School Grounds Research Project 2002/3. Stirling: Grounds for learning, Sportscotland, Play Scotland.
   Google Scholar
• Children Schools and Families Select Committee. 2010. Transforming Education Outside the Classroom. Sixth report of session 2009–10, HC 418, April 1 Third Special Report (HC 525) London: Education committee.
   Google Scholar
• Christie, B., S. Beames, and P. Higgins. 2015. “Culture, Context and Critical Thinking.” British Educational Research Journal 42 (3).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie, B., S. Beames, P. Higgins, R. Nicol, and H. Ross. 2014. “Outdoor Learning Provision in Scottish Schools.” Scottish Educational Review 46 (1): 48–64.
   Google Scholar
• Council for the Curriculum Examinations and Assessment. 2007a. The Revised Northern Ireland Curriculum Primary. http://www.nicurriculum.org.uk/docs/key_stages_1_and_2/northern_ireland_curriculum_primary.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Council for the Curriculum Examinations and Assessment. 2007b. The Revised Northern Ireland Curriculum Understanding the Foundation Stage. http://www.nicurriculum.org.uk/docs/foundation_stage/UF_web.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Children Education Lifelong Learning and Skills. 2009. Foundation Phase Outdoor Learning Handbook. http://learning.wales.gov.uk/docs/learningwales/publications/140828-foundation-phase-outdoor-learning-handbook-en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education and Skills. 2006. Learning Outside the Classroom: Manifesto. HMSO DfES, (DFES-04232-2006). http://www.lotc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/G1.-LOtC-Manifesto.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• DfE (Department for Education). 2012. Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage. London: Department for Education.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, A. M. 2015. “Place-Based Curriculum Making: Devising a Synthesis between Primary Geography and Outdoor Learning.” Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 16 (1), 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyment, J. E. 2005. “Green School Grounds as Sites for Outdoor Learning: Barriers and Opportunities.” International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 14 (1): 28–45. doi: 10.1080/09500790508668328
   Google Scholar
• Eraut, M. 2004. “Informal Learning in the Workplace.” Studies in Continuing Education 26 (2): 247–273. doi: 10.1080/158037042000225245
   Google Scholar
• Ernst, J. 2014. “Early Childhood Educators’ Use of Natural Outdoor Settings as Learning Environments: An Exploratory Study of Beliefs, Practices, and Barriers.” Environmental Education Research 20 (6): 735–752. doi: 10.1080/13504622.2013.833596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst, J., and L. Tornabene. 2012. “Preservice Early Childhood Educators’ Perceptions of Outdoor Settings as Learning Environments.” Environmental Education Research 18 (3): 643–664. doi: 10.1080/13504622.2011.640749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estyn. 2011. Outdoor Learning: An Evaluation of Learning in the Outdoors for Children under Five in the Foundation Phase. http://www.estyn.gov.uk/english/docViewer/221594.1/outdoor-learning-an-evaluation-of-learning-in-the-outdoors-for-children-under-five-in-the-foundation-phase-september-2011/?navmap=30,163.
   Google Scholar
• Fägerstam, E. 2014. “High School Teachers’ Experience of the Educational Potential of Outdoor Teaching and Learning.” Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 14 (1): 56–81. doi: 10.1080/14729679.2013.769887
   Google Scholar
• Geerdts, M. S., G. A. Van de Walle, and V. LoBue. 2015a. “Daily Animal Exposure and Children’s Biological Concepts.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 130: 132–146. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.10.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geerdts, M. S., G. A. Van de Walle, and V. LoBue. 2015b. “Parent–Child Conversations about Animals in Informal Learning Environments.” Visitor Studies 18 (1): 39–63. doi:10.1080/10645578.2015.1016366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluckman, M., H. A. Vlach, and C. M. Sandhofer. 2014. “Spacing Simultaneously Promotes Multiple Forms of Learning in Children's Science Curriculum.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 28 (2): 266–273. doi:10.1002/acp.2997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves, L. 2008. “The Whole-School Approach to Eduation for Sustainable Development: From Pilot Projects to Systemic Change.” Policy & Practice: A Development Education Review 6: 69–74.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, P. 2002. “Outdoor Education in Scotland.” Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 2 (2): 149–168. doi: 10.1080/14729670285200261
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, R. F., K. B. Lyle, J. L. Hieb, and P. A. S. Ralston. 2015. “Spaced Retrieval Practice Increases College Students’ Short- and Long-Term Retention of Mathematics Knowledge.” Educational Psychology Review 28 (4): 853–873. doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9349-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, A., D. Stewart, J. Burt, and J. Dillon. 2016. Monitor of Engagement with the Natural Environment: A Pilot to Develop an Indicator of Visits to the Natural Environment by Children – Results from Years 1 and 2 (March 2013 to February 2015). Natural England Commissioned Reports, Number 208.
   Google Scholar
• Kernan, M. 2010. “Outdoor Affordances in Early Childhood Education and Care Settings: Adults’ and Children's Perspectives.” Children Youth and Environments 20 (1): 152–177.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, S. 2013. Forest School and Outdoor Learning in the Early Years. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kyndt, E., D. Gijbels, I. Grosemans, and V. Donche. 2016. “Teachers’ Everyday Professional Development: Mapping Informal Learning Activities, Antecedents, and Learning Outcomes.” Review of Educational Research 86 (4): 1111–1150. doi:10.3102/0034654315627864.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Learning & Teaching Scotland. 2010. Curriculum for Excellence through Outdoor Learning. Glasgow: Learning and Teaching Scotland.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, A. J., and J. E. Dyment. 2010. “Where Do Children Choose to Play on the School Ground? The Influence of Green Design.” Education 3-13 38 (2): 177–189. doi: 10.1080/03004270903130812
   Google Scholar
• MacQuarrie, S. 2013. “Briefing and Debriefing: Investigating the Role of the Teacher within Group Work Science Lessons.” International Journal of Educational Research 62: 87–99. doi: 10.1016/j.ijer.2013.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacQuarrie, S., C. Howe, and J. Boyle. 2012. “Exploring the Characteristics of Small Groups within Science and English Secondary Classrooms.” Cambridge Journal of Education 42 (4): 527–546. doi: 10.1080/0305764X.2012.733345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacQuarrie, S., C. Nugent, and N. Buchan. 2015. “‘ We’ve Just Picked This Straight Off The Bush’: Comparing Nature Play in Botanic Gardens.” Paper presented at the Pacific Early Childhood Education Research Association (PECERA) Sydney, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• MacQuarrie, S., C. Nugent, and C. Warden. 2015. “Learning with Nature and Learning from Others: Nature as Setting and Resource for Early Childhood Education.” Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 15 (1): 1–23. doi: 10.1080/14729679.2013.841095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard, T., J. Waters, and J. Clement. 2013. "Moving Outdoors: Further Explorations of ‘Child-Initiated’ Learning in the Outdoor Environment." Education 3–13 41 (3): 282–299. doi: 10.1080/03004279.2011.578750
   Google Scholar
• McMurray, B., J. S. Horst, and L. K. Samuelson. 2012. “Word Learning Emerges from the Interaction of Online Referent Selection and Slow Associative Learning.” Psychological Review 119 (4): 831–877. doi: 10.1037/a0029872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natural England. 2009. Childhood and Nature: A Survey on Changing Relationships with Nature across Generations. Cambridgeshire: Natural England.
   Google Scholar
• Nicol, R. 2002a. “Outdoor Education: Research Topic or Universal Value? Part One.” Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning 2 (1): 29–41. doi: 10.1080/14729670285200141
   Google Scholar
• Nicol, R. 2002b. “Outdoor Education: Research Topic or Universal Value? Part Two.” Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 2 (2): 85–99. doi: 10.1080/14729670285200201
   Google Scholar
• Nicol, R. 2014. “Entering the Fray: The Role of Outdoor Education in Providing Nature-Based Experiences that Matter.” Educational Philosophy and Theory 46 (5): 449–461. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-5812.2011.00840.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent, C., I. Edwards, S. Hutcheon, and J. MacDonald. 2015. “ Nature Play: Nature Conservation.” Project report on behalf of Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh. Funded by Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Nundy, S., J. Dillon, and P. Dowd. 2009. "Improving and Encouraging Teacher Confidence in Out-of-Classroom Learning: The Impact of the Hampshire Trailblazer Project on 3–13 Curriculum Practitioners." Education 3–13 37 (1): 61–73. doi: 10.1080/03004270802291889
   Google Scholar
• O’ Donnell, L., M. Morris, and R. Wilson. 2006. Education Outside the Classroom: An Assessment of Activity and Practice in Schools and Local Authorities. London: DfES.
   Google Scholar
• Passy, R. 2012. “School Gardens: Teaching and Learning Outside the Front Door.” Education 3-13, 1–16. doi:10.1080/03004279.2011.636371.
   Google Scholar
• Power, S., C. Taylor, G. Rees, and K. Jones. 2009. “Out-of-School Learning: Variations in Provision and Participation in Secondary Schools.” Research Papers in Education 24 (4): 439–460. doi: 10.1080/02671520802584095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgers, N. D., Z. R. Knowles, and J. Sayers. 2012. “Encouraging Play in the Natural Environment: A Child-Focused Case Study of Forest School.” Children’s Geographies 10 (1): 49–65. doi: 10.1080/14733285.2011.638176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohrer, D. 2015. “Student Instruction Should be Distributed Over Long Time Periods.” Educational Psychology Review 27 (4): 635–643. doi: 10.1007/s10648-015-9332-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, G. W., and H. R. Bernard. 2000. “Data Management and Analysis Methods.” In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. 2nd ed., edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln, 769–832. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Saldaña, J. 2009. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Sandseter, E. B. H. 2009. “Affordances for Risky Play in Preschool: The Importance of Features in the Play Environment.” Early Childhood Education Journal 36 (5): 439–446. doi:10.1007/s10643-009-0307-2.
   Google Scholar
• SCCYP (Scottish Commissioner for Children and Young People). 2010. Go Outdoors! Guidance and Good Practice on Encouraging Outdoor Activities in Residential Child Care. Scottish Commissioner for Children and Young People.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, M. J., R. B. Powell, and D. Hill. 2014. “Environmental Education Program Evaluation in the New Millennium: What Do We Measure and What Have We Learned?” Environmental Education Research 20 (5): 581–611. doi: 10.1080/13504622.2013.838749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, R. B. 2007. “Schooling and Environmental Education: Contradictions in Purpose and Practice.” Environmental Education Research 13 (2): 139–153. doi: 10.1080/13504620701295726
   Google Scholar
• Swarbrick, N., G. Eastwood, and K. Tutton. 2004. “Self-Esteem and Successful Interaction as Part of the Forest School Project.” Support for Learning 19 (3): 142–146. doi: 10.1111/j.0268-2141.2004.00337.x
   Google Scholar
• Sweller, J., P. Ayres, and S. Kalyuga. 2011. “The Guidance Fading Effect.” In Cognitive Load Theory, edited by J. M. Spector and S. LaJoie, 171–182. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, C., S. Power, and G. Rees. 2009. “Out-of-School Learning: The Uneven Distribution of School Provision and Local Authority Support.” British Educational Research Journal 36 (6): 1017–1036. doi: 10.1080/01411920903342046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tharp, R. G., and R. Gallimore. 1991. Rousing Minds to Life: Teaching, Learning, and Schooling in Social Context. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thorburn, M., and P. Allison. 2010. “Are We Ready to Go Outdoors Now? The Prospects for Outdoor Education During a Period of Curriculum Renewal in Scotland.” The Curriculum Journal 21 (1): 97–108. doi: 10.1080/09585170903560824
   Google Scholar
• Thorburn, M., and P. Allison. 2012. “Analysing Attempts to Support Outdoor Learning in Scottish Schools.” Journal of Curriculum Studies 45 (3): 1–23. doi:10.1080/00220272.2012.689863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurlings, M., A. T. Evers, and M. Vermeulen. 2015. “Toward a Model of Explaining Teachers’ Innovative Behavior: A Literature Review.” Review of Educational Research 85 (3): 430–471. doi: 10.3102/0034654314557949
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlach, H. A., C. M. Sandhofer, and R. A. Bjork. 2014. “Equal Spacing and Expanding Schedules in Children’s Categorization and Generalization.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 123: 129–137. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waite, S. 2010. “Losing Our Way? The Downward Path for Outdoor Learning for Children Aged 2–11 Years.” Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning 10 (2): 111–126. doi: 10.1080/14729679.2010.531087
   Google Scholar
• What is Forest School? 2014. Accessed July 30. http://www.foresteducation.org/woodland_learning/forest_schools/.
   Google Scholar