A comparison of playfulness of young children with and without autism spectrum disorder in interactions with their mothers and teachers

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, L. A. (1991a). Characterizing playfulness: Correlates with individual attributes and personality traits. Play and Culture, 4(4), 371–393.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, L. A. (1991b). The playful child: Measurement of a disposition to play. Play and Culture., 4(1), 51–74.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, L. A. (1998). The adaptive powers of being playful. Play and Culture Studies, 1, 97–119.
   Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163–175. doi: 10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Sasson, A., Cermak, S. A., Orsmond, G. I, Tager-Flusberg, H., Carter, A. S., Kadlec, M. B., & Dunn, W. (2007). Extreme sensory modulation behaviors in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61(5), 584–592. doi: 10.5014/ajot.61.5.584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, N., Wood, L., & Rogers, S. (Eds.) (1997). Teaching through play. Buckingham: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Biber, B. (1984). Early education and psychological development. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brentnall, J., Bundy, A. C., & Kay, F. C. (2008). The effect of the length of observation on test of playfulness scores. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 28(3), 133–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). Contexts of child rearing: Problems and prospects. American Psychologist, 34(10), 844–858. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U., & Gary, W. E. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Social Development, 9(1), 115–125. doi: 10.1111/1467-9507.00114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundy, A. C. (1997). Play and playfulness: What to look for. In L. D. Parham & L. S. Fazio (Eds.), Play in occupational therapy for children (pp. 52–66). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
   Google Scholar
• Bundy, A. C., Nelson, L., Metzger, M., & Bingaman, K. (2001). Validity and reliability of a test of playfulness. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 21(4), 276–292.
   Google Scholar
• Connor, F. P., Williamson, G. G., & Siepp, J. M. (1978). Program guide for infants and toddlers with neuromotor and other developmental disabilities. Teachers College Press, 78(11), 1973–1974.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, R. J. (2000). The impact of child abuse on children's play: A conceptual model. Occupational Therapy International, 7(4), 259–276. doi: 10.1002/oti.127
   Google Scholar
• Cornelli Sanderson, R. (2010). Towards a new measure of playfulness: The capacity to fully and freely engage in play (PhD dissertation). Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL. Retrieved January 10, 2015 from http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/232
   Google Scholar
• Desha, L., Ziviani, J., & Rodger, S. (2003). Play preferences and behavior of preschool children with autistic spectrum disorder in the clinical environment. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 23(1), 21–42. doi: 10.1080/J006v23n01_03
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dominguez, A., Ziviani, J., & Rodger, S. (2006). Play behaviors and play object preferences of young children with autistic disorder in a clinical play environment. Autism, 10(1), 53–69. doi: 10.1177/1362361306062010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, T., Ezell, S., Nadel, J., Grace, A., Allender, S., & Siddalingappa, V. (2013). Reciprocal imitation following adult imitation by children with autism. Infant and Child Development, 22(6), 642–648. doi: 10.1002/icd.1812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, T., Nadel, J., Diego, M., Hernandez-Reif, M., Russo, K., Vchulek, D., & Siddalingappa, V. (2010). Children with autism are more imitative with an imitative adult than with their parents. Early Child Development and Care, 180(4), 513–518. doi: 10.1080/03004430802090570
   Google Scholar
• File, N. (1994). Children's play, teacher-child interactions, and teacher beliefs in integrated early childhood programs. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 9(2), 223–240. doi: 10.1016/0885-2006(94)90007-8
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, S., & Kasari, C. (2013). Parent–child interactions in autism: Characteristics of play. Autism, 17(2), 147–161. doi: 10.1177/1362361312469269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, J. R., & Kaiser, A. P. (2011). The use of play expansions to increase the diversity and complexity of object play in young children with disabilities. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 31, 99–111. doi: 10.1177/0271121410378758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, J. L., Wortham, S. C., & Reifel, R. S. (2008). Play and child development. (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hamm, E. M. (2006). Playfulness and the environmental support of play in children with and without developmental disabilities. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 26(3), 88–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkness, L., & Bundy, A. C. (2001). The test of playfulness and children with physical disabilities. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 21(2), 73–89.
   Google Scholar
• Hobson, R. P., Lee, A., & Hobson, J. A. (2009). Qualities of symbolic play among children with autism: A social-developmental perspective. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 12–22. doi: 10.1007/s10803-008-0589-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, E., & Willoughby, T. (2005). Play behavior of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 30(3), 156–164. doi: 10.1080/13668250500204034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howes, C., Phillepsen, L. C., & Peisner-Feinberg, E. (2000). The consistency of perceived teacher-child relationships between preschool and kindergarten. Journal of School Psychology, 38, 113–132. doi: 10.1016/S0022-4405(99)00044-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izumi Taylor, S. I., & Rogers, C. S. (2001). The relationship between playfulness and creativity of Japanese preschool children. International Journal of Early Childhood, 33(1), 43–49. doi: 10.1007/BF03174447
   Google Scholar
• Jenkinson, S. (2001). The genius of play. Gloucestershire: Hawthorne Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kasari, C., Freeman, S., & Paparella, T. (2006). Joint attention and symbolic play in young children with autism: A randomized controlled intervention study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 611–620. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01567.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasari, C., Gulsrud, A., Wong, C., Kwon, S., & Locke, J. (2010). Randomized controlled caregiver mediated joint engagement intervention for toddlers with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1045–1056. doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-0955-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, P. S., & Feldman, R. (2007). Mothers’ and caregivers’ interactive and teaching behavior with toddlers. Early Child Development and Care, 177(4), 383–402. doi: 10.1080/03004430600551682
   Google Scholar
• Koch, G. G. (1982). Intraclass correlation coefficient. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, 4, 212–17.
   Google Scholar
• Kontos, S. (1999). Preschool teachers’ talk, roles, and activity settings during free play. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 14(3), 363–382. doi: 10.1016/S0885-2006(99)00016-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landreth, G. L. (2002). Therapeutic limit setting in the play therapy relationship. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(6), 529–535. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.33.6.529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Couteur, A., Lord, C., & Rutter, M. (2003). The autism diagnostic interview-revised (ADI-R). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, J. N. (1966). Playfulness: An attempt to conceptualize a quality of play and of the player. Psychological Reports, 19(3f), 1278–1278. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1966.19.3f.1278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, J. N. (1977). Playfulness. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lieblich, A., & Shinar, M. (1975). The predictive validity of the WPPSI with Israeli children. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 35(2), 473–475. doi: 10.1177/001316447503500231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linacre, J. M. (1994). Facets: Computer program for Manyfaceted Rasch measurement. Chicago: MESA.
   Google Scholar
• Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., & Risi, S. (2002). Autism diagnostic observation schedule: ADOS. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, D. S., & McCabe, G. P. (2003). Introduction to the practice of statistics (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Moran, G. S. (1987). Some functions of play and playfulness: A developmental perspective. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 42, 11–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mullen, E. M. (1995). Mullen scales of early learning. Circle Pines, MN: AGS.
   Google Scholar
• Muys, V., Rodger, S., & Bundy, A. C. (2006). Assessment of playfulness in children with autistic disorder: A comparison of the children's playfulness scale and the test of playfulness. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 26(4), 159–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okimoto, A. M., Bundy, A., & Hanzlik, J. (2000). Playfulness in children with and without disability: Measurement and intervention. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 54(1), 73–82. doi: 10.5014/ajot.54.1.73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilowsky, T., Yirmiya, N., Shulman, C., & Dover, R. (1998). The Autism diagnostic interview-revised and the childhood Autism rating scale: Differences between diagnostic systems and comparison between genders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(2), 143–151. doi: 10.1023/A:1026092632466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby, P., & Gaik, S. (2007). Stability of playfulness across environmental settings: A pilot study. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 27(1), 27–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003). SCQ: Social communication questionnaire. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, J. P. D. (2001). Bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory. Retrieved January 10, 2015 from: http://www.floridahealth.gov/AlternateSites/CMS-Kids/providers/early_steps/training/documents/bronfenbrenners_ecological.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ryan-Bloomer, K., & Candler, C. (2013). Playfulness of children at home and in the hospital. International Journal of Play, 2(3), 237–253. doi: 10.1080/21594937.2013.855383
   Google Scholar
• Shulman, C., Guberman, A., Shiling, N., & Bauminger, N. (2012). Moral and social reasoning in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(7), 1364–1376. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1369-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, E. (2013). Play and playfulness, basic features of early childhood education. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 21(2), 172–184. doi: 10.1080/1350293X.2013.789198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaines, N., Rodger, S., & Bundy, A. (2006). Playfulness in children with autistic disorder and their typically developing peers. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69(11), 505–512. doi: 10.1177/030802260606901104
   Google Scholar
• Skard, G., & Bundy, A. (2008). Test of playfulness. In L. D. Parham & L. S. Fazio (Eds.), Play in occupational therapy for children (pp. 71–93). Missouri: Mosby Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Strong, J. E. (2014). Preparing teachers of students with Autism spectrum disorders: Evidence-based practices and teacher self-efficacy (PhD dissertation) Commonwealth University, Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton-Smith, B. (1980). Children's play: Some sources of play theorizing. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 1980(9), 1–16. doi: 10.1002/cd.23219800903
   Google Scholar
• Sutton-Smith, B. (1990). School playground as festival. Children's Environments Quarterly, 7, 3–7.
   Google Scholar
• Syriopoulou-Delli, C. K., Cassimos, D. C., Tripsianis, G. I., & Polychronopoulou, S. A. (2012). Teachers’ perceptions regarding the management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(5), 755–768. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1309-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. I., Rogers, C. S., & Kaiser, J. (1999). A comparison of playfulness among American and Japanese preschoolers. In S. Reifel (Ed.). Play contexts revisited (Vol. 2, pp. 143–159). Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Thorp, D. M., Stahmer, A. C., & Schreibman, L. (1995). Effects of sociodramatic play training on children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25(3), 265–282. doi: 10.1007/BF02179288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trawick-Smith, J., & Dziurgot, T. (2011). ‘Good-fit'teacher–child play interactions and the subsequent autonomous play of preschool children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 26(1), 110–123. doi: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2010.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2013). The right of the child to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts. Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 31). New York: United Nations Childrens Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1998). Manual: Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence, revised. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Winsler, A. (2003). Introduction to special issue: Vygotskian perspectives in early childhood education: Translating ideas into classroom practice. Early Education and Development, 14, 253–270. doi: 10.1207/s15566935eed1403_1
   Google Scholar
• Woodgate, R. L., Ateah, C., & Secco, L. (2008). Living in a world of our own: The experience of parents who have a child with autism. Qualitative Health Research, 18(8), 1075–1083. doi: 10.1177/1049732308320112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youell, B. (2008). The importance of play and playfulness. European Journal of Psychotherapy and Counselling, 10(2), 121–129. doi: 10.1080/13642530802076193
   Google Scholar