On the problems of comparing dyslexics with other groups of readers (and the quest for the cognitive basis of dyslexia)

References

• Aaron , EG. , Frantz , S.S. and Manges , A.R. 1990 . Dissociation between comprehension and pronunciation in dyslexic and hyperlexic children. . Reading and Writing , 2 : 243 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A.D. , Ellis , N.C. , Miles , T.R. and Lewis , V.J. 1982 . Developmental and acquired dyslexia: A comparison. . Cognition , 11 : 185 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A.D. , Logie , R.M. and Ellis , N.C. 1988 . Characteristics of developmental dyslexia. . Cognition , 29 : 197 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backman , J.E. , Mamen , M. and Ferguson , H.B. 1984 . Reading level design: Conceptual and methodological issues in reading research. . Psychological Bulletin , 96 : 560 – 568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , J. and Strawson , C. 1976 . The use of orthographic and word‐specific knowledge in reading words aloud. . Journal of Experimental Psychology; Human Perception and Performance , 2 : 386 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beech , J.R. and Harding , L.M. 1984 . Phonemic processing from a developmental lag viewpoint. . Reading Research Quarterly , 14 : 357 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Bishop , D. and Butterworth , G.E. 1980 . A longitudinal study using the WPPSI and WISC‐R with an English sample. . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 49 : 156 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowers , P.G. , Steffy , R. and Tote , E. 1988 . Comparison of the effects of IQ control methods on memory and naming speed predictors of reading disability. . Reading Research Quarterly , 23 : 304 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , L. and Bryant , P.E. 1978 . Difficulties in auditory organisation as a possible cause of reading backwardness. . Nature , 271 : 746 – 747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady , S. , Mann , V. and Schmidt , R. 1987 . Errors in short‐term memory for good and poor readers. . Memory and Cognition , 15 : 444 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , P. and Impey , L. 1986 . The similarities between normal readers and developmental and acquired dyslexics. . Cognition , 24 : 121 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , P. and Goswami , U. 1990 . Comparisons between backward and normal readers: a risky business. . British Psychological Society Education Section Review , 14 : 3 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. , Masterson , J. , Byng , S. , Prior , M. and Riddoch , J. 1983 . Surface dyslexia. . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 35A : 469 – 495 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cossu , G. and Marshall , J.C. 1986 . Theoretical implications of the hyperlexia syndrome. Two new Italian cases. . Cortex , 22 : 589 – 597 .
   Google Scholar
• Cossu , G. , Rossini , F. and Marshall , J.C. 1993 . When reading is acquired but phonemic awareness is not: A study of literacy in Down's syndrome. . Cognition , 46 : 129 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denckla , M.B. and Rudel , R. 1976 . Rapid automatised naming: dyslexia differentiated from other learning difficulties. . Neuropsychologia , 14 : 471 – 479 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Gelder , B. and Vroomen , J. 1991 . Phonological deficits: Beneath the surface of reading acquisition problems. . Psychological Research , 53 : 88 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , A.W. 1985 . The cognitive neuropsychology of developmental (and acquired dyslexia: A critical survey. . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 2 : 169 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , A.W. 1993 . Reading, writing and dyslexia: A cognitive analysis. , (2nd Edition) , London : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , N. and Large , B. 1987 . The developmental of reading: as you seek so shall you find. . British Journal of Psychology , 78 : 1 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gathercole , S.E. 1990 . Peer Review of Bryant P. Goswami U. Comparisons between backward and normal readers: a risky business.‐Brte . A Psychological Society Education Section Review , 14 : 14 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Gough , P.B. and Tunmer , W.E. 1986 . Decoding, reading and reading disability. . Remedial and Special Education , 7 : 6 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanley , J.R. and Kay , J. 1992 . Does letter‐by‐letter reading involve the spelling system? . Neuropsychologia , 30 : 237 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley , J.R. , Hastie , K. and Kay , J. 1991 . Developmental surface dyslexia and dysgraphia: An orthographic processing impairment. . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 43A : 285 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Hulme , C. and Snowling , M. 1992 . Deficits in output phonology: An explanation of reading failures. . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 9 : 47 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme , C. and Snowling , M. 1990 . Connections only connections! Peer Review of Bryant P. Goswami U. Comparisons between backward and normal readers a risky business . British Psychological Society Education Section Review , 14 : 16 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Huttenlocher , P.R. and Huttenlocher , J. 1973 . A study of children with hyperlexia. . Neurology , 23 : 1107 – 1116 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston , R.J. , Rugg , M.D. and Scott , T. 1987 . The influence of phonology on good and poor readers when reading for meaning. . Journal of Memory & Language , 26 : 57 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm , A.F . 1979 . The cognitive and neurological basis of developmental dyslexia: A theoretical framework and review. . Cognition , 7 : 19 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , R.B. , Shankweiler , D. and Liberman , I.Y. 1981 . Memory for item order and phonetic recoding in beginning readers. . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 32 : 474 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman , I.Y. , Mann , V.A. , Shankweiler , D. and Werfelman , D. 1982 . Children's memory for recurring linguistic and non‐linguistic material in relation to reading ability. . Cortex , 18 : 367 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovegrove , W. , Martin , F. and Slaghuis , W. 1986 . A theoretical and experimental case for a visual deficit in specific reading disability. . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 2 : 225 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Manis , F.R. , Szeszulski , P. , Holt , L.K. and Graves , K. 1990 . “ Variation in component word recognition and spelling skills among dyslexic children and normal readers ” . In Reading and Its Development: Components Skills Approaches , Edited by: Carr , T.H. and Levy , B A. San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mann , V. , Cowin , E. and Schoenheimer , J. 1989 . Phonological processing, language comprehension and reading ability. Journal . of Learning Disabilities , 22 : 76 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattis , S. 1981 . “ Dyslexia syndromes in children ” . In Neuropsychological and cognitive process in reading , Edited by: Pirozzolo , F.J. and Wittrock , M.C. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Olson , R.K. , Kliegel , R. , Davidson , B.J. and Foltz , G. 1985 . “ Individual and developmental differences in reading disability ” . In Reading research: Advances in theory and practice Edited by: MacKinnon , G.E. and Waller , T.G. Vol. 4 , 1 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Orton , S.T. 1937 . Reading, writing and speech problems in children. , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Pennington , B.F. , Johnson , C. and Welsh , M.C. 1987 . Unexpected reading precocity in a normal preschooler: Implications for hyperlexia. . Brain and Language , 30 : 165 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perfetti , C. 1985 . Reading ability. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Perfetti , C. and Goldman , S.R. 1976 . Discourse memory and reading comprehension skill. . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour , 14 : 33 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Rack , J.P. , Snowling , M.J. and Olson , R.K. 1992 . The nonword reading deficit in developmental dyslexia: A review. . Reading Research Quarterly , 27 : 29 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour , P.H.K. 1986 . Cognitive analysis of dyslexia. , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Shankweiler , D. , Crain , S. , Brady , S. and Macaruso , P. 1992 . “ Identifying the causes of reading disability ” . In Reading Acquisition , Edited by: Gough , P.B. , Ehri , L.C. and Trieman , R. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Siegel , L.S. 1984 . A longitudinal study of a‐hyperlexic child: Hyperlexia as a language disorder. . Neuropsychologia , 22 : 577 – 585 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegel , L.S. and Heaven , R. 1986 . “ Defining and categorising learning disabilities ” . In Handbook of Cognitive, Social and Neuropsychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities, 1 , Edited by: Ceci , S. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Siegel , L.S. 1988 . Evidence that IQ scores are irrelevant to the definition and analysis of reading disability. . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 42 : 201 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , L.S. 1989 . Why we do not need intelligence test scores in the definition and analysis of learning disabilities. Journal . of Learning Disabilities , 22 : 514 – 518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberberg , N.E. and Silberberg , M.C. 1967 . Hyprlxia: Specific word recognition skills in young children. . Exceptional Children , 34 : 41 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowling , M. 1980 . The development of grapheme‐phoneme correspondence in normal and dyslexic readers. . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 29 : 219 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Snowling , M. , Goulandris , N. , Bowlby , M. and Howell , P. 1986 . Segmentation and speech perception in relation to reading skill. . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 41 : 489 – 507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K.E. 1991 . Discrepancy definitions of reading disability: Has intelligence led us astray? . Reading Research Quarterly , 26 : 7 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K.E. , Nathan , R.G. and Zolman , J.E. 1988 . The developmental lag hypothesis in reading: Longitudinal and matched reading level comparisons. . Child Development , 59 : 71 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson , J. 1993 . IQ control is valuable in defining specific learning disabilities
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , H.G. , Satz , P. and Friel , J. 1979 . Developmental dyslexia in relation to other childhood reading disorders: significance and clinical utility. . Reading Research Quarterly , 15 : 84 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temple , C.M. 1987 . The nature of normality, the deviance of dyslexia, and the recognition of rhyme: A reply to Bryant and Impey 1986 . Cognition , 27 : 103 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temple , C.M. and Marshall , J.C . 1983 . A case study of developmental phonological dyslexia. . British Journal of Psychology , 74 : 517 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torgeson . 1985 . Memory processes in reading disabled children. . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 18 : 350 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treiman , R. and Hirsch‐Pasek , K. 1985 . Are there qualitative differences between dyslexic and normal readers? . Memory & Cognition , 13 : 357 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellutino, ER. 1979 . Dyslexia : Theory and research. Cambridge: MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vellutino , ER. and Scanlon , D.M. 1987 . Phonological coding, phonological awareness, and reading ability: Evidence from a longitudinal and experimental study. . Merrill Palmer Quarterly , 33 : 321 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , G.S. , Seidenberg , M.S. and Brack , M. 1984 . Children's and adults’ use of spelling‐sound information in three reading tasks. . Memory & Cognition , 12 : 293 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , G.S. and Seidenberg , M.S. 1984 . Spelling‐sound effects in reading: Time‐course and decision criteria. . Memory & Cognition , 13 : 557 – 572 .
   Google Scholar
• Welsh , M.C. , Pennington , B.E and Rogers , S. 1987 . Word recognition and comprehension skills in hyperlexic childrén. . Brain & Language , 32 : 76 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildin , J. 1989 . Developmental dyslexics do not fit into boxes: Evidence from the case studies. . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 1 : 105 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilding , J. 1990 . Developmental dyslexics do not fit into boxes: Evidence from six new case studies. . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 2 : 97 – 131 .
   Google Scholar