171
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Gender Differences in Approaches to Learning: Across Cultures

Pages 57-76 | Published online: 07 Jul 2006

References

  • Adams , H.B. and Adams , W.B. 1991 . Developing the potential of children in disadvantaged communities: thinking actively in a social context, . South African Journal of Higher Education , 5 : 42 – 52 .
  • Allen , B.P. and Potkay , C.R. 1983 . Just as arbitrary distinction between states and traits, . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 : 1087 – 1089 .
  • Akande , A. 1997a . The perception of ability scale for students in Africa and New Zealand, . School Psychology International , 18 : 179 – 189 .
  • Akande , A. 1998 . IQ is irrelevant to the definition of contemporary education , University of the Western Cape . An unpublished manuscript,
  • Andrews , J. , Violato , C , Rabb , K and Hollingsworth , M. 1994 . A validity study of Biggs’ three factor model of learning approaches: a confirmatory factor analysis employing a Canadian sample, . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 64 : 179 – 185 .
  • Bandura , A. 1986 . Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
  • Bagozzi , R.P. and Heatherton , T.F. 1994 . A general approach for representing multifaceted personality constructs, application to state self‐esteem . Structural Equation Modeling , 1 : 35 – 67 .
  • Bentler , P.M. 1990 . Comparative fit indexed in structural models . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 238 – 246 .
  • Bentler , P.M. and Bonett , D.G. 1980 . Significance tests and goodness‐of‐fit in the analysis of covariance structures . Psychological Bulletin , 88 : 588 – 606 .
  • Berry , J. 1989 . Imposed etics‐emics‐derived etics: The operationalization of a compelling idea . International Journal of Psychology , 24 : 721 – 735 .
  • Biggs , J.B. and Collins , K.F. 1982 . Evaluating the Quality of Learning: The SOLO Taxonomy. , New York : Academic Press .
  • Biggs , J.B. 1985 . The role of meta‐learning in study process . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 55 : 185 – 212 .
  • Biggs , J.B. 1987 . The Learning Process Questionnaire (LPQ) manual , Hawthorn, Victoria : Australian Council for Educational Research .
  • Biggs , J.B. 1988 . Assessing student approaches to learning . Australian Psychologists , 23 : 197 – 206 .
  • Biggs , J.B. 1989 . Approaches to the enhancement of tertiary teaching . Higher Education Research and Development , 8 : 7 – 25 .
  • Biggs , J.B. , ed. 1991 . Teaching for Learning: The view from cognitive psychology , Hawthorn, Victoria : Australian Council for Educational Research .
  • Biggs , J.B. 1993 . What do inventories of students’ learning processes really measure — a theoretical review of clarification . British Journal of Education Psychology , 63 : 3 – 19 .
  • Biggs , J.B. 1994 . “ Approaches to learning: nature and measurement of ” . In The International Encyclopedia of Education , (2nd edn.) , Vol. I , 319 – 322 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
  • Biggs , J.B. and Watldns , D. 1993 . Learning and Teaching in Hong Kong: What is and what might be. , Hong Kong : The University of Hong Kong Press .
  • Boyle , G.J. 1986 . Analysis of typological factors across the Eight State Questionnaire and the Differential Emotions Scale . Psychological Reports , 59 : 503 – 510 .
  • Cash , T.F. and Brown , T.A. 1989 . Gender and body images: stereotypes and realities . Sex Roles , 21 : 357 – 368 .
  • Cattell , R.B. 1982 . The psychometry of objective motivation measurement: A response to the critique of Cooper and Kline . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 52 : 234 – 241 .
  • Cronbach , L.J. 1977 . “ Test validation ” . In Educational Measurement , Edited by: Thomdike , R.L. 443 – 507 . Washington, DC : American Council of Education .
  • Curry , L. 1983 . “ An organization of learning style and constructs ” . In Learning Style in Continuing Education, , Edited by: Curry , L. 115 – 131 . Halifax, Canada : Dalhousie University .
  • Dahlgren , L.O. 1984 . “ Outcomes of Learning ” . In The Experience of Learning. , Edited by: Marton , L. , Hounsell , F.D. and Entwistle , N. Edinburgh : Scottish University Press .
  • Denman , S. , Pearson , J. , Davis , P. and Moody , D. 1996 . A survey of HIV‐ and AIDS‐related knowledge, beliefs and attitudes among 14‐year‐olds in Nottinghamshire . Educational Research , 38 : 93 – 99 .
  • Dunn , R. , Dunn , K. and Price , G. 1979 . “ Identifying learning styles ” . In Student Learning Styles: Diagnosing and Prescribing Programs , Edited by: Keefe , J.W. Reston, VA : National Association of Secondary School Principals .
  • Dunn , R. , Dunn , K. and Price , G. 1989 . The Learning Style Inventory. , Lawrence, KS : Price Systems Inc. .
  • Ellis , H . 1894 . Man and women. , London : Walter Scott .
  • Entwistle , N. and Ramsden , P. 1983 . Understanding Student Learning. , London : Croom Helm .
  • Enriquez , V.G. 1977 . Filipino psychology in the third world . Philippine Journal of Psychology , 10 : 3 – 17 .
  • Feingold , A. 1992 . Gender differences in mate selection preferences: a test of the parental investment model . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 125 – 139 .
  • Feingold , A. 1994 . Gender differences in variability in intellectual abilities, a cross‐cultural perspective . Review of Educational Research , 63 : 106 – 109 .
  • Feingold , A. 1995 . The additive effects of differences in central tendency and variability are important in comparisons between groups . American Psychologist , : 5 – 13 .
  • Gerwel , J. 1994 . “ Education in South Africa: means and ends ” . In Change in South Africa. , Edited by: Spence , J.E. London : Zed Books .
  • Girodo , M. 1991 . Personality, job stress, and mental health in undercover agents . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 6 : 375 – 390 .
  • Ghuman , P.A.S. 1997 . Assimilation or integration? A study of Asian adolescents . Educational Research , 39 : 23 – 35 .
  • Gorsuch , R.L. 1983 . Factor analysis. , (2nd ed.) , Hillsdale, NJ : Eribaum .
  • Hattie , J. , Biggs , J. and Purdle , N. 1996 . Effects of learning skills interventions on student learning: A meta‐analysis . Review of Educational Research , 66 : 99 – 136 .
  • Hattie , J. and Watkins , D. 1981 . Australian and Filipino investigations of the internal structure of Biggs'new Study Process Questionnaire . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 51 : 241 – 244 .
  • Hattie , J. and Watkins , D. 1988 . Preferred classroom environment and approach to learning . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 58 : 345 – 349 .
  • Hawarden , J. 1985 . Some non‐academic problems of Black students at the University of Witwatersrand . ASPects , 6 : 12 – 17 .
  • Hale‐Benson , J. 1996 . “ Achieving equal educational outcomes for Black children ” . In Children at risk poverty, minority status, and other issues in educational equity. , Edited by: Barone , A. and Garcia , E. Washington, DC : National Association of School Psychologists .
  • Heim , J.E. 1990 . Black and white racial identity. , Westpoint, CT : Greenwood Press .
  • Hollingworth , L.S. 1914 . Variability as related to sex differences in achievement: a critique . American Journal of Sociology , 19 : 510 – 530 .
  • Hui , C.H. and Triandis , H.C. 1985 . Measurement in cross‐cultural psychology: a review and comparison of strategies . Journal of Cross‐Cuttural Psychology , 16 : 131 – 152 .
  • Hui , C.H. and Nie , N.H. 1984 . SPSS‐X. , New York : McGraw‐ Hill .
  • oreskog , K.G. and Sorbom , D. 1984 . LJSREL VI: Analysis of linear structural relations by the method of maximum likelihood , Chicago : National Educational Resources .
  • Jensen , A.R. 1971 . “ The race x ability interaction ” . In Intelligence Genetic and environmental influences. , Edited by: Cancro , R. New York : Grune and Stratton .
  • Kagan , J. 1965 . “ Matching familiar figures test in impulsive and reflective children ” . In Learning and the Educational Process. , Edited by: KfumboItz , J. Chicago : Rand McNally .
  • Keefe , J.W. and Monk , J.S. 1986 . Learning Style Profile Examiners'Manual. , Reston, VA : National Association of Secondary School Principals .
  • Kember , F.D. and Gow , L. 1990 . Cultural specificity of approaches to study . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 60 : 356 – 363 .
  • Kember , F.D. and Leung , D.Y. 1998 . The dimensionality of approaches to learning: An investigation with confirmatory factor analysis on the structure of the SPQ and LPQ . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 68 : 395 – 407 .
  • Kline , P. 1979 . Psychometrics and Psychology. , London : Academic Press .
  • Lachar , D. and Wirt , R.D. 1981 . A data‐based analysis of the psychometric performance of the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC): An alternative to the Achenbach renew . Journal of Personality Assessment , 45 : 614 – 616 .
  • Maccoby , E.E. and Jacklin , C.N. 1974 . The psychology of sex differences. , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
  • Mackenzie , C.G. 1994 . Black students in “White” universities: the character and provision of liberal higher education instructions in post‐apartheid South Africa . Compare , 24 : 67 – 78 .
  • Marsh , H.B. and Yung , A.S. 1998 . Tor‐down, bottom‐up and horizontal models: The direction of causality in multidimensionality hierarchical self‐concept models . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 509 – 527 .
  • Marton , F. , Hounsell , D. and Entwistle , N. 1984 . The experience of learning. , Edinburgh : Scottish University Press .
  • Marton , F. and Saljo , R. 1976 . On qualitative differences in learning I: outcome and process . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 46 : 4 – 11 .
  • Mboya , M.M. 1994 . Cross‐cultural study of the structure and level of multidimensional self‐concepts in secondary school students . School Psychology International , 15 : 163 – 171 .
  • Mboya , M.M. 1993 . Development and construct validity of a self‐description inventory for African adolescents . PsycKological Reports , 72 : 183 – 191 .
  • McNemar , Q. and Terman , L.M. 1936 . Sex differences in variational tendency . Genetic Psychology Monographs , 18 : 1 – 65 .
  • McCombs , B. The role of the self‐system in self‐regulated learning . Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association . San Francisco.
  • Meyer , J.H.F. , Dunne , T.T. and Richardson , J.T.E. 1994 . A gender comparison of contextualised study behavior in higher education . Higher Education , 27 : 469 – 485 .
  • Meyer , J.H.F. 1995 . Gender‐group differences in the learning behavior of entering first‐year university students . Higher Education , 29 : 201 – 215 .
  • Moja , T. , Muller , J. and Cloete , N. 1996 . Towards new forms of regulation in higher education: the ase of South Africa . Higher Education , 32 : 129 – 155 .
  • Murray‐Harvey , R. 1994 . Can discrepancies between IQ and basic skills be explained by learning strategies . British Journal of Educational Studies , 64 : 389 – 405 .
  • Nunnally , J.C. and Bernstein , I.H. 1994 . Psychometric theory. , New York : McGraw‐Hill, Inc .
  • O'Neil , M.J. and Child , D. 1984 . Biggs’ SPQ: A British study of its internal structure. . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 54 : 228 – 234 .
  • Pearson , K. 1897 . Chances of death. , (Vol. 1) , London : Arnold .
  • Perry , W.G. 1968 . Patterns of development in thought and values of students in a liberal arts college: A validation of a scheme. , Cambridge, MA : Bureau of Study Counsel, Harvard University .
  • Perry , W.G. 1970 . Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A Validation of a scheme. , New York : Holt, Rinehait and Winston .
  • Purdie , N.M. and Hattie , J. 1995 . The effect of motivation training on approaches to learning and self‐concept . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 65 : 277 – 236 .
  • Price , G.E. , Dunn , R. and Dunn , K. 1991 . Productivity Environment Preference Survey (PES manual). , Lawrence, KS : Price Systems .
  • Slonimsky , L. and Turton , R. 1985 . Development in the conceptual skills program for ASP in the Faculty of Arts at Wits . ASPects , 6 : 61 – 66 .
  • Sweetland , R.C. and Keyser , D.J. , eds. 1991 . Tests: A Comprehensive Reference for Assessments in Psychology. Education and Business , (3rd edn) , Austin, TX : Pro‐Ed. .
  • Thorndike , E.L. 1914 . Educational Psychology , (Vol. 3) , New York : Teachers College, Columbia University .
  • Vilakaa , H. 1986 . The need for a revolution in education, . ASPects , 7 : 34 – 39 .
  • Van Rossum , E. , Deijkers , R. and Hamer , R. 1985 . Students learning conceptions and their interpretation of significant educational concepts . Higher Education , 14 : 617 – 641 .
  • Watkins , D. 1987 . Academic locus of control a relevant variable at tertiary level? . Higher Education , 16 : 221 – 229 .
  • Watkins , D. , Hattie , J. and Asnlla , E. 1986 . Approaches to studying by Filipino students: a longitudinal investigation . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 56 : 357 – 362 .
  • Watkins , D. and Regmi , M. 1991 . Towards the cross‐cultural validation of a Western model of student approaches to learning . Journal of Cross‐cultural Psychology , 22 : 12 – 24 .
  • Watkins , D. and Akande , A. 1992 . Assessing the approaches to learning of Nigerian students . Assessment , 17 : 11 – 20 .
  • Watkins , D and Akande , A. 1994 . Approaches to learning of Nigerian secondary school children: emic and etic perspectives . International Journal of Psychology , 19 : 165 – 182 .
  • Watkins , D. , Akande , A. and Mpofu , E. 1995 . The assessment of learning processes: an African perspective . IFE Psychologia , 2 : 1 – 13 .
  • Wedekind , V. , Lubisi , C. , Harley , K. and Guitig , J. 1996 . Political change, social integration and curriculum: A South African case study . Journal of Curriculum Studies , 28 : 419 – 436 .
  • Witkin , H.A. , Oltman , P.K. , Raskin , E. and Karp , S.A. 1971 . A Manual for the Embedded Figure Test. , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • Wong , N. 1995 . The relationship between Hong Kong students’ perception of their mathematics classroom environment and their approaches to learning: a longitudinal study , University of Hong Kong . Unpublished Ph.D.thesis,
  • Wong , N. , Lin , W. and Watkins , D. 1996 . Cross‐cultural validation of models of approaches to learning: an application of confirmatory factor analysis . Education , 16 : 317 – 327 .
  • Wong , N. and Watkins , D. 1998 . A longitudinal study of the psychosodal environmentaLand learning approaches in the Hong Kong classroom . Journal of Educational Besearch , 91 : 247 – 254 .
  • Zukerman , M. 1990 . Some dubious premises in research and theory on racial differences: scientific, social, and ethical issues . American Psychologist , 45 : 1297 – 1303 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.