“A Teenager in Love”: How Black Adolescents Became “Teenagers” in Rock and Roll Music, 1956-1960

Works cited

• “Black Boys Viewed as Older, Less Innocent than Whites, Research Finds.” 6 Mar. 2014. American Psychological Association P Release, https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/03/black-boys-older. Accessed 9 Mar. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• A New $10 Billion Power: The U.S. Teen-age Consumer.” Life, 31 Aug. 1959, pp. 78–84.
   Google Scholar
• Adler, Lou, Herb Alpert, and Sam Cooke. “Wonderful World.” Keen, 1959.
   Google Scholar
• Adorno, Theodor, and Max Horkheimer. “The Cultural Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception.” 1944. http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/adorno/1944/culture-industry.htm. Accessed 16 May 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, Beth. “Rebels without a Cause? Teenagers in the 1950s.” History Today, vol. 40, 2001, pp. 25–31.
   Google Scholar
• Beals, Melba Patillo. Warriors Don’t Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock’s Central High, Washington Square P, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, Chuck. “Oh Baby Doll.” Chess, 1957a.
   Google Scholar
• ---. “School Day.” Chess, 1957b.
   Google Scholar
• Billboard music charts. Feb. 16, 1956-Apr. 4, 1960.
   Google Scholar
• Breines, Wini. Young, White, and Miserable: Growing up Female in the Fifties, Beacon P, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Bundy, June. “Road Show: Freed and Troupe Rock ‘Today’.” Billboard, vol. 14, Apr. 1958, p. 7.
   Google Scholar
• Burnette, Johnny, and Dorsey Burnette. “Waitin’ in School.” Imperial Records, 1957.
   Google Scholar
• Cahn, Susan K. Sexual Reckonings: Southern Girls in a Troubling Age, Harvard UP, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Cantor, Louis. Wheelin’ on Beale: How WDIA-Memphis Became the Nation’s First All-Black Station and Created the Sound that Changed America, Pharos Books, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Capehart, Jonathan. “It’s Tamir Rice’s Fault.” The Washington Post, 2 Mar. 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2015/03/02/its-tamir-rices-fault/. Accessed 9 Mar. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, Timothy. “Soul Providers: A TV Special Celebrates the Cultural Contributions of Black Artists.” TV Guide, 24 Nov. 1990. Russell B. Nye Collection, Special Collections, Michigan State U Libraries, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI.
   Google Scholar
• Chapple, Steve, and Reebee Garofalo. Rock ‘N’ Roll Is Here to Pay: The History and Politics of the Music Industry, Burnham, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• “Child Star Grows Up.” Ebony, Dec. 1959, pp. 115–20.
   Google Scholar
• “The Coasters—Charlie Brown” (The Dick Clark Saturday Night Beech-Nut Show).” YouTube, 7 Mar. 1959. uploaded by John1948ThreeA. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qpkn6SOy0l8. Accessed 10 Nov. 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Lizabeth. A Consumer’s Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America, Knopf, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke, Sam. “You Send Me.” Keen, 1957.
   Google Scholar
• “The Costly Hazard of Young Marriage.” Life, 13 Apr. 1959, pp. 119–30.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, Maxwell, Aaron Collins Jr., and Sam Ling. “Eddie My Love.” RPM, 1956.
   Google Scholar
• Delmont, Matthew F. The Nicest Kids in Town: American Bandstand, Rock ‘N’ Roll, and the Struggle for Civil Rights in 1950s Philadelphia, U of California P, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Ennis, Philip. The Seventh Stream: The Emergence of Rocknroll in American Popular Culture, Wesleyan UP, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Eyes on the Prize: Fighting Back: 1957-1962. Directed by Judith Veccione, PBS Home Video, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers. “Why Do Fools Fall in Love?” Gee Records, 1956.
   Google Scholar
• Frazier, E. Franklin. Black Bourgeoisie, Simon & Schuster, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Freed, Alan. “Wonderful World of Rock.” Pageant, Jul. 1957. Box 1, Folder 55, Alan Freed Collection. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Library and Archives, Cleveland, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Freund, David. Colored Property: State Policy and White Racial Politics in America, U of Chicago P, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Garofalo, Reebee. Rockin’ the Boat: Mass Music and Mass Movements, South End P, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Gillett, Charlie. The Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock and Roll, Da Capo P, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Gilliam, David. “A Teenager’s Romance.” Verve, 1957.
   Google Scholar
• Gordy, Berry. To Be Loved: The Music, the Magic, the Memories of Motown, Warner Books, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Himes, Joseph S. “Negro Teen-Age Culture.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 338, no. 1, 1961, pp. 91–101. doi:10.1177/000271626133800111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ira, Katznelson. When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America, Norton, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsitz, George. Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture, U of Minnesota P, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Lydon, Michael. “Bo Diddley.” Boogie Lightning, Dial P, 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Mark, Phillips. “Charting the Charts.” WNYC: On the Media, 23 Oct. 2009. http://www.wnyc.org/story/132541-charting-the-charts/#transcript. Accessed 13 Mar. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, Linda, and Kerry Segrave. Anti-Rock: The Opposition to Rock ’N’ Roll, Da Capo P, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Michele, Mitchell. Righteous Propagation: African Americans and the Politics of Racial Destiny after Reconstruction, The U of North Carolina P, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Palladino, Grace. Teenagers: An American History, Basic Books, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Pomus, Doc, and Mort Shuman. “A Teenager in Love.” Laurie Records, 1959.
   Google Scholar
• Pophan, John N. “Violence Shuts Clinton School.” The New York Times, 5 Dec. 1956, p. 44.
   Google Scholar
• Remmers, H. H., and D. H. Radler. The American Teenager, Charter Books, 1957.
   Google Scholar
• Robins, Wayne. A Brief History of Rock, off the Record, Routledge, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Samuels, Gertrude. “School Desegregation: A Case Study.” The New York Times Magazine, 8 May 1955, pp. 9–11, 69–70.
   Google Scholar
• Self, Robert O. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland, Princeton UP, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, Arnold. The Rockin’ 50s: The Decade that Transformed the Pop Music Scene, Hawthorn Books, 1976.
   Google Scholar
• “Should Teen-Agers Have Steady Dates? Survey Reveals ‘Going Steady’ Is Increasing Among Teens.” Jet, 1 Oct. 1959, pp. 24–26.
   Google Scholar
• Sitton, Claude. “Troubled Actors in the Little Rock Drama.” The New York Times Sunday Magazine, 5 Oct. 1958, pp. 22–24.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, Thomas D. “120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait.” Center for Education Statistics, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Sugrue, Thomas. Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit, Princeton UP, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• “The Forgotten 15,000,000.” Sponsor, 10 Oct. 1949, pp. 24–25.
   Google Scholar
• “Teen-Agers Offer Huge Disk Market.” Billboard, 10 Nov. 1956, pp. 16, 120.
   Google Scholar
• “Teen-Age Market Called ‘Enormous’.” Billboard, 31 Mar. 1958, p. 8.
   Google Scholar
• “Teen-Age Stars Who Prefer School to Dollars.” Jet, 1 Nov. 1962, pp. 58–60.
   Google Scholar
• ---. Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North, Random House, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• The Secret of Selling the Negro. Sarra Productions, 1954. www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8PBrhFN35c. Accessed on April 6, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, Dexter. “Michael Brown Was Not a Boy, He Was a ‘Demon.’” Al-Jazeera English, 26 Nov. 2014. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/11/michael-brown-demon-ferguson-2014112672358760344.html. Accessed 13 Mar. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, Brian. Just My Soul Responding: Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations, U of California P, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Weems, Robert E., and Robert E. Weems, Jr. Desegregating the Dollar: African American Consumerism in the Twentieth Century, New York UP, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, Craig. A Change Is Gonna Come: Music, Race and the Soul of America, Penguin Putnam, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Juan. My Soul Looks Back in Wonder: Voices of the Civil Rights Experience, Sterling, 2004.
   Google Scholar