1,789
Views
82
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Hematology

Iron deficiency beyond erythropoiesis: should we be concerned?

&
Pages 81-93 | Received 31 Aug 2017, Accepted 17 Oct 2017, Published online: 03 Nov 2017

References

  • Furuyama K, Kaneko K, Vargas PD. Heme as a magnificent molecule with multiple missions: heme determines its own fate and governs cellular homeostasis. Tohoku J Exp Med 2007;213:1-16
  • Ponka P. Cell biology of heme. Am J Med Sci 1999;318:241-56
  • Aisen P, Enns C, Wessling-Resnick M. Chemistry and biology of eukaryotic iron metabolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001;33:940-59
  • Koskenkorva-Frank TS, Weiss G, Koppenol WH, et al. The complex interplay of iron metabolism, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species: insights into the potential of various iron therapies to induce oxidative and nitrosative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2013;65:1174-94
  • Galaris D, Pantopoulos K. Oxidative stress and iron homeostasis: mechanistic and health aspects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008;45:1-23
  • Kell DB. Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases. BMC Med Genomics 2009;2:2
  • Hentze MW, Muckenthaler MU, Galy B, et al. Two to tango: regulation of Mammalian iron metabolism. Cell 2010;142:24-38
  • Cappellini MD, Camaschella C, Comin-Colet J, et al. Iron deficiency across chronic inflammatory conditions: International expert opinion on definition and diagnosis. Am J Hematol 2017;92:1068-78
  • Peyrin-Biroulet L, Wiliet N, Cacoub P. Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency across indications: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:1585-94
  • WHO.Int [Internet]. Global. Nutrition. World Health Organization. [cited October 2017]. Available from http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ida/en/
  • Guralnik JM, Eisenstaedt RS, Ferrucci L, et al. Prevalence of anemia in persons 65 years and older in the United States: evidence for a high rate of unexplained anemia. Blood 2004;104:2263-8
  • Picciano MF. Pregnancy and lactation: physiological adjustments, nutritional requirements and the role of dietary supplements. J Nutr 2003;133:1997S-2002S
  • Kassebaum NJ, Jasrasaria R, Naghavi M, et al. A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010. Blood 2014;123:615-24
  • Camaschella C. Iron-deficiency anemia. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1832-43
  • Comin-Colet J, Enjuanes C, González G, et al. Iron deficiency is a key determinant of health-related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure regardless of anaemia status. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:1164-72
  • Klip IJ, Comin-Colet J, Voors AA, et al. Iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: an international pooled analysis. Am Heart J 2013;165:575-582.e3
  • Enjuanes C, Klip IT, Bruguera J, et al. Iron deficiency and health-related quality of life in chronic heart failure: results from a multicenter European study. Int J Cardiol 2014;174:268-75
  • Fishbane S, Pollack S, Feldman HI, et al. Iron indices in chronic kidney disease in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 1988–2004. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:57-61
  • Stein J, Dignass AU. Management of iron deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease – a practical approach. Ann Gastroenterol 2013;26:104-13
  • Aapro M, Österborg A, Gascón P, et al. Prevalence and management of cancer-related anaemia, iron deficiency and the specific role of i.v. iron. Ann Oncol 2012;23:1954-62
  • Ludwig H, Müldür E, Endler G, et al. Prevalence of iron deficiency across different tumors and its association with poor performance status, disease status and anemia. Ann Oncol 2013;24:1886-92
  • Wang J, Pantopoulos K. Regulation of cellular metabolism. Biochem J 2011;434:365-81
  • Camaschella C. Iron deficiency: new insights into diagnosis and treatment. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2015;2015:8-13
  • Gkouvatsos K, Papanikolaou G, Pantopoulos K. Regulation of iron transport and the role of transferrin. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012;1820:188-202
  • Georgieff MK. Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency. Nutr Rev 2011;69(Suppl1):S43-S48
  • Pratt JJ, Khan KS. Non-anaemic iron deficiency - a disease looking for recognition of diagnosis: a systematic review. Eur J Haematol 2016;96:618-28
  • Beard JL. Iron biology in immune functions, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning. J Nutr 2001;131:568S-80S
  • Ajioka RS, Phillips JD, Kushner JP. Biosynthesis of heme in mammals. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006;1763:723-36
  • Lill R, Hoffmann B, Molik S, et al. The role of mitochondria in cellular iron-sulfur protein biogenesis and iron metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012;1823:1491-508
  • Paul BT, Manz DH, Torti FM, et al. Mitochondria and Iron: current questions. Exp Rev Hematol 2017;10:65-79
  • Hendgen-Cotta UB, Flögel U, Kelm M, et al. Unmasking the Janus face of myoglobin in health and disease. J Exp Biol 2010;213(Pt 16):2734-40
  • Oexle H, Gnaiger E, Weiss G. Iron-dependent changes in cellular energy metabolism: influence on citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1413:99-107
  • Xu W, Barrientos T, Mao L, et al. Lethal cardiomyopathy in mice lacking transferrin receptor in the heart. Cell Rep 2015;13:533-45
  • Haddad S, Wang Y, Galy B, et al. Iron-regulatory proteins secure iron availability in cardiomyocytes to prevent heart failure. Eur Heart J 2017;38:362-72
  • Willis WT, Gohil K, Brooks GA, et al. Iron deficiency: improved exercise performance within 15 hours of iron treatment in rats. J Nutr 1990;120:909-16
  • Sawada T, Konomi A, Yokoi K. Iron deficiency without anemia is associated with anger and fatigue in young Japanese women. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014;159:22-31
  • Wang W, Bourgeois T, Klima J, et al. Iron deficiency and fatigue in adolescent females with heavy menstrual bleeding. Haemophilia 2013;19:225-30
  • Verdon F, Burnand B, Stubi CL, et al. Iron supplementation for unexplained fatigue in non-anaemic women: double blind randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326:1124
  • Brutsaert TD, Hernandez-Cordero S, Rivera J, et al. Iron supplementation improves progressive fatigue resistance during dynamic knee extensor exercise in iron-depleted, nonanemic women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:441-8
  • Favrat B, Balck K, Breymann C, et al. Evaluation of a single dose of ferric carboxymaltose in fatigued, iron-deficient women–PREFER a randomized, placebo-controlled study. PLoS One 2014;9:e94217
  • Krayenbuehl PA, Battegay E, Breymann C, et al. Intravenous iron for the treatment of fatigue in nonanemic, premenopausal women with low serum ferritin concentration. Blood 2011;118:3222-7
  • Pittori C, Buser A, Gaser EU, et al. A pilot iron substitution programme in female blood donors with iron deficiency without anaemia. Vox Sang 2011;100:303-11
  • Jankowska EA, Ponikowski P. Molecular change in myocardium in the course of anemia or iron deficiency. Heart Fail Clin 2010;6:295-304
  • Jankowska EA, Rozentryt P, Witkowska A, et al. Iron deficiency predicts impaired exercise capacity in patients with systolic chronic heart failure. J Card Fail 2011;17:899-906
  • Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, et al. FAIR-HF Trial Investigators. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2436-48
  • Ponikowski P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Comin-Colet J, et al. CONFIRM-HF Investigators. Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency. Eur Heart J 2015;36:657-68
  • Ponikoswki P, Filippatos G, Colet JC, et al. FAIR-HF Trial Investigators. The impact of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on renal function: an analysis of the FAIR-HF study. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:329-39
  • Toblli JE, Lombraña A, Duarte P, et al. Intravenous iron reduces NT-pro-brain natriuretic peptide in anemic patients with chronic heart failure and renal insufficiency. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1657-65
  • Tim Goodnough L, Comin-Colet J, Leal-Noval S, et al. Management of anemia in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Hematol 2017;92:88-93
  • Filippatos G, Colet JC, Dickstein K, et al. Intravenous ferric carboxy-maltose in iron-deficient chronic heart failure patients with and without anaemia: a subanalysis of the FAIR-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;16:1267-76
  • Jankowska EA, Rozentryt P, Witkowska A, et al. Iron deficiency: an ominous sign in patients with systolic chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2010;31:1872-80
  • Anker SD, Kirwan BA, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Effects of ferric carboxymaltose on hospitalisations and mortality rates in iron-deficient heart failure patients: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2017 Apr 24. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.823.
  • Dhur A, Galan P, Hercberg S. Effects of different degrees of iron deficiency on cytochrome P450 complex and pentose phosphate pathway dehydrogenases in the rat. J Nutr 1989;119:40-7
  • Zhang C. Essential functions of iron-requiring proteins in DNA replication, repair and cell cycle control. Protein Cell 2014;5:750-60
  • Larsson A, Sjöberg BM. Identification of the stable free radical tyrosine residue in ribonucleotide reductase. EMBO J 1986;5:2037-40
  • Högbom M. Metal use in ribonucleotide reductase R2, di-iron, di-manganese and heterodinuclear—an intricate bioinorganic workaround to use different metals for the same reaction. Metallomics 2011;3:110-20
  • Yu Y, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Turning cell cycle regulation with an iron key. Cell Cycle 2007;6:1982-94
  • Renton FJ, Jeitner TM. Cell cycle-dependent inhibition of the proliferation of human neural tumor cell lines by iron chelators. Biochem Pharmacol 1996;51:1553-61
  • Yu B, Lane ME, Pestell RG, et al. Downregulation of cyclin D1 alters cdk 4- and cdk 2-specific phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Mol Cell Biol Res Commun 2000;3:352-9
  • Ye W, Zhang L. Heme controls the expression of cell cycle regulators and cell growth in HeLa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;315:546-54
  • Rao VA. Iron chelators with topoisomerase-inhibitory activity and their anticancer applications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013;18:930-55
  • Raza M, Chakraborty S, Choudhury M, et al. Cellular iron homeostasis and therapeutic implications of iron chelators in cancer. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2014;15:1125-40
  • Scott J, Valentine JA, St Hill CA, et al. Morphometric analysis of atrophic changes in human lingual epithelium in iron deficiency anaemia. J Clin Pathol 1985;38:1025-9
  • Trost LB, Bergfeld WF, Calogeras E. The diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency and its potential relationship to hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:824-44
  • van de Kerkhof PC, Pasch MC, Scher RK, et al. Brittle nail syndrome: a pathogenesis-based approach with a proposed grading system. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:644-51
  • Collins HL. The role of iron in infections with intracellular bacteria. Immunol Lett 2003;85:193-5
  • Kuvibidila SR, Velez M, Gardner R, et al. Iron deficiency reduces serum and in vitro secretion of interleukin-4 in mice independent of altered spleen cell proliferation. Nutr Res 2012;32:107-15
  • Kuvibidila SR, Porretta C, Surendra Baliga B, et al. Reduced thymocyte proliferation but not increased apoptosis as a possible cause of thymus atrophy in iron-deficient mice. Br J Nutr 2001;86:157-62
  • Kuvibidila SR, Kitchens D, Baliga BS. In vivo and in vitro iron deficiency reduces protein kinase C activity and translocation in murine splenic and purified T cells. J Cell Biochem 1999;74:468-78
  • Omara FO, Blakley BR. The effects of iron deficiency and iron overload on cell-mediated immunity in the mouse. Br J Nutr 1994;72:899-909
  • Bonaccorsi-Riani E, Danger R, Lozano JJ, et al. Iron deficiency impairs intra-hepatic lymphocyte mediated immune response. PLoS One 2015;10:e0136106
  • Spear AT, Sherman AR. Iron deficiency alters DMBA-induced tumor burden and natural killer cell cytotoxicity in rats. J Nutr 1992;122:46-55
  • Brekelmans P, van Soest P, Leenen PJ, et al. Inhibition of proliferation and differentiation during early T cell development by anti-transferrin receptor antibody. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:2896-902
  • Kovár J, Seligman P, Gelfand EW. Lymphocyte lines under iron-depriving conditions: transferrin receptor expression related to various growth responses. Immunol Lett 1994;42:123-7
  • Kuvibidila SR, Nauss KM, Baliga SB, et al. Impairment of blastogenic response of splenic lymphocytes from iron-deficient mice. In vitro repletion by hemin, transferrin, and ferric chloride. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:557-65
  • Jabara HH, Boyden SE, Chou J, et al. A missense mutation in TFRC, encoding transferrin receptor 1, causes combined immunodeficiency. Nat Genet 2016;48:74-8
  • Kochanowski BA, Sherman AR. Decreased antibody formation in iron-deficient rat pups–effect of iron repletion. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;41:278-84
  • Ahluwalia N, Sun J, Krause D, et al. Immune function is impaired in iron-deficient, homebound, older women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:516-21
  • Attia MA, Essa SA, Nosair NA, et al. Effect of iron deficiency anemia and its treatment on cell mediated immunity. Indian J Hemaol Blood Transfus 2009;25:70-7
  • Das I, Saha K, Mukhopadhyay D, et al. Impact of iron deficiency anemia on cell-mediated and humoral immunity in children: A case control study. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2014;5:158-63
  • Hassan TH, Badr MA, Karam NA, et al. Impact of iron deficiency anemia on the function of the immune system in children. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e5395
  • Ekiz C, Agaoglu L, Karakas Z, et al. The effect of iron deficiency anemia on the function of the immune system. Hematol J 2005;5:579-83
  • Santos PC, Falcão RP. Decreased lymphocyte subsets and K-cell activity in iron deficiency anemia. Acta Haematol 1990;84:118-21
  • Galan P, Thibault H, Preziosi P, et al. Interleukin 2 production in iron-deficient children. Biol Trace Elem Res 1992;32:421-6
  • Cassat JE, Skaar EP. Iron in infection and immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2013;13:509-19
  • Drakesmith H, Prentice AM. Hepcidin and the iron-infection axis. Science 2012;338:768-72
  • Fernandez R, Tubau I, Masip J, et al. Low reticulocyte hemoglobin content is associated with a higher blood transfusion rate in critically ill patients: a cohort study. Anesthesiology 2010;112:1211-5
  • Patteril MV, Davey-Quinn AP, Gedney JA, et al. Functional iron deficiency, infection and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in critical illness. Anaesth Intensive Care 2001;29:473-8
  • Levy A, Fraser D, Rosen SD, et al. Anemia as a risk factor for infectious diseases in infants and toddlers: results from a prospective study. Eur J Epidemiol 2005;20:277-84
  • Verstraelen H, Delanghe J, Roelens K, et al. Subclinical iron deficiency is a strong predictor of bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy. BMC Infect Dis 2005;5:55
  • Tansarli GS, Karageorgopoulos DE, Kapaskelis A, et al. Iron deficiency and susceptibility to infections: evaluation of the clinical evidence. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013;32:1253-8
  • Doom JR, Georgieff MK. Striking while the iron is hot: understanding the biological and neurodevelopmental effects of iron deficiency to optimize intervention in early childhood. Curr Pediatr Rep 2014;2:291-8
  • Lozoff B. Iron deficiency and child development. Food Nutr Bull 2007;28(4Suppl):S560-S571
  • Bastian TW, Prohaska JR, Georgieff MK, et al. Fetal and neonatal iron deficiency exacerbates mild thyroid hormone insufficiency effects on male thyroid hormone levels and brain thyroid hormone-responsive gene expression. Endocrinology 2014;155:1157-67
  • Fretham SJ, Carlson ES, Wobken J, et al. Temporal manipulation of transferrin-receptor-1-dependent iron uptake identifies a sensitive period in mouse hippocampal neurodevelopment. Hippocampus 2012;22:1691-702
  • Tran PV, Fretham SJ, Carlson ES, et al. Long-term reduction of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor activity after fetal-neonatal iron deficiency in adult rats. Pediatr Res 2009;65:493-8
  • Levy JE, Jin O, Fujiwara Y, et al. Transferrin receptor is necessary for development of erythrocytes and the nervous system. Nat Genet 1999;21:396-9
  • Ortiz E, Pasquini JM, Thompson K, et al. Effect of manipulation of iron storage transport, or availability on myelin composition and brain iron content in three different animal models. J Neurosci Res 2004;77:681-9
  • Lozoff B, Beard J, Connor J, et al. Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy. Nutr Rev 2006;64:S34-S43, Discussion S72–91
  • Amin SB, Orlando M, Eddins A, et al. In utero iron status and auditory neural maturation in premature infants as evaluated by auditory brainstem response. J Pediatr 2010;16:377-81
  • Armony-Sivan R, Eidelman AI, Lanir A, et al. Iron status and neurobehavioral development of premature infants. J Perinatol 2004;24:757-62
  • Guo XM, Liu H, Qian J. Daily iron supplementation on cognitive performance in primary-school-aged children with and without anemia: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015;8:16107-11
  • Falkingham M, Abdelhamid A, Curtis P, et al. The effects of oral iron supplementation on cognition in older children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J 2010;9:4
  • Pasricha SR, Hayes E, Kalumba K, et al. Effect of daily iron supplementation on health in children aged 4–23 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Glob Health 2013;1:e77-86
  • Wang B, Zhan S, Gong T, et al. Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three with iron deficiency anaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;6:CD001444
  • Hermoso M, Vucic V, Vollhardt C, et al. The effect of iron on development and function in infants, children and adolescents: a systematic review. Ann Nutr Metab 2011;59:154-65
  • Low M, Farrell A, Biggs BA, et al. Effects of daily iron supplementation in primary-school-aged children: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ 2013;185:E791-802
  • Ribot B, Aranda N, Viteri F, et al. Depleted iron stores without anaemia early in pregnancy carries increased risk of lower birthweight even when supplemented daily with moderate iron. Hum Reprod 2012;27:1260-6
  • Linsell L, Malouf R, Morris J, et al. Prognostic factors for poor cognitive development in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr 2015;169:1162-72
  • Allen RP. Restless leg syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease pathophysiology. Sleep Med Clin 2015;10:207-14
  • Sun ER, Chen CA, Ho G, et al. Iron and the restless legs syndrome. Sleep 1998;21:371-7
  • Mehmood T, Auerbach M, Earley CJ, et al. Response to intravenous iron in patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and restless leg syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease). Sleep Med 2014;15:1473-6
  • Earley CJ, Connor J, Garcia-Borreguero D, et al. Altered brain iron homeostasis and dopaminergic function in Restless Legs Syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease). Sleep Med 2014;15:1288-301
  • Einollahi B, Izadianmehr N. Restless leg syndrome: a neglected diagnosis. Nephrourol Mon 2014;6:e22009
  • Allen RP, Adler CH, Du W, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of IV ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) treatment of RLS: a multi-centred, placebo-controlled preliminary clinical trial. Sleep Med 2011;12:906-13
  • Cho YW, Allen RP, Earley CJ. Clinical efficacy of ferric carboxymaltose treatment in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2016;25:16-23
  • Earley CJ, Horská A, Mohamed MA, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron sucrose in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2009;10:206-11
  • Balucan FS, Morshed SA, Davies TF. Thyroid autoantiboides in pregnancy: their role, regulation and clinical relevance. J Thyroid Res 2013;2013:182472
  • Hess SY, Zimmermann MB, Arnold M, et al. Iron deficiency anemia reduces thyroid peroxidase activity in rats. J Nutr 2002;132:1951-5
  • Bastian TW, Prohaska JR, Georgieff MK, et al. Perinatal iron and copper deficiencies alter neonatal rat circulating and brain thyroid hormone concentrations. Endocrinology 2010;151:4055-65
  • Bastian TW, Anderson JA, Fretham SJ, et al. Fetal and neonatal iron deficiency reduces thyroid hormone-responsive gene mRNA levels in the neonatal rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Endocrinology 2012;153:5668-80
  • Zimmermann MB, Burgi H, Hurrell RF. Iron deficiency predicts poor maternal thyroid status during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3436-40
  • Hess SY, Zimmermann MB, Adou P, et al. Treatment of iron deficiency in goitrous children improves the efficacy of iodized salt in Côte d’Ivoire. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:743-8
  • Takyama Y, Aoki R. Roles of lactoferrin on skin wound healing. Biochem Cell Biol 2012;90:497-503
  • Wright JA, Richards T, Srai SK. The role of iron in the skin and cutaneous wound healing. Front Pharmacol 2014;5:156
  • Toxqui L, Vaquero MP. Chronic iron deficiency as an emerging risk factor for osteoporosis: a hypothesis. Nutrients 2015;7:2324-44
  • Yanovich R, Merkel D, Israeli E, et al. Anemia, iron deficiency, and stress fractures in female combatants during 16 months. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25:3412-21
  • Li GF, Pan YZ, Sirois P, et al. Iron homeostasis in osteoporosis and its clinical implications. Osteoporos Int 2012;23:2403-8
  • Lips P, van Schoor NM. The effect of vitamin D on bone and osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;25:585-91
  • Azizi-Soleiman F, Vafa M, Abiri B, et al. Effects of iron on vitamin D metabolism: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med 2016;7:126
  • Jones G, David E, Prosser DE, et al. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of vitamin D. J Lipid Res 2014;55:13-31
  • Gudjoncik A, Guenancia C, Zeller M, et al. Iron, oxidative stress, and redox signaling in the cardiovascular system. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014;58:1721-38
  • Meroño T, Dauteuille C, Tetzlaff W, et al. Oxidative stress, HDL functionality and effects of intravenous iron administration in women with iron deficiency anemia. Clin Nutr 2017;36:552-8
  • Akça H, Polat A, Koca C. Determination of total oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity before and after the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. J Clin Lab Anal 2013;27:227-30
  • El-Shimi MS, El-Farrash RA, Ismail EA, et al. Renal functional and structural integrity in infants with iron deficiency anemia: relation to oxidative stress and response to iron therapy. Pediatr Nephrol 2015;30:1835-42
  • Coghetto Baccin A, Lauerman Lazzaretti L, Duarte Martins Brandao V, et al. Oxidative stress in older patients with iron deficiency anaemia. J Nutr Health Aging 2009;13:666-70
  • Pagano G, Talamanca AA, Castello G, et al. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction across broad-ranging pathologies: toward mitochondria-targeted clinical strategies. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014;2014:541230
  • Ceriello A, Testa R, Genovese S. Clinical implications of oxidative stress and potential role of natural antioxidants in diabetic vascular complications. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016;26:285-92
  • Higashi Y, Maruhashi T, Noma K, et al. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction: clinical evidence and therapeutic implications. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2014;24:165-9
  • Yu D, Huo J, Xie L, et al. [Meta-analysis of studies on cut-off value of serum ferritin for identifying iron deficiency]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2013;42:228-35
  • Goodnough LT. Iron deficiency syndromes and iron-restricted erythropoiesis (CME). Transfusion 2012;52:1584-92
  • Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:891-975
  • Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Fitterman N, et al. Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Treatment of anemia in patients with heart disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2013;159:770-9
  • Locatelli F, Barany P, Covic A, et al. ERA-EDTA ERBP Advisory Board. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes guidelines on anaemia management in chronic kidney disease: a European Renal Best Practice position statement. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28:1346-59
  • Drueke TB, Parfrey PS. Summary of the KDIGO guideline on anemia and comment: reading between the (guide)line(s). Kidney Int 2012;82:952-60
  • Van Assche G, Dignass A, Bokemeyer B, et al. European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 3: special situations. J Crohns Colitis 2013;7:1-33
  • Rodgers M, Blinder M, Cella D, et al. Cancer and chemotherapy-induced anemia. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2012;10:628-53
  • Kaltwasser JP, Hansen C, Oebike Y, et al. Assessment of iron availability using stable 54Fe. Eur J Clin Invest 1991;21:436-42
  • Moretti D, Goede JS, Zeder C, et al. Oral iron supplements increase hepcidin and decrease iron absorption from daily or twice-daily doses in iron-depleted young women. Blood 2015;126:1981-9
  • Hawamdeh HM, Rawashdeh M, Aughsteen AA. Comparison between once weekly, twice weekly, and daily oral iron therapy in Jordanian children suffering from iron deficiency anemia. Matern Child Health J 2013;17:368-73
  • Locatelli F, on behalf of the EBPG II Working Group: Aljama P, Bárány P, Canaud B, et al. European Best Practice Guidelines Working Group. Revised European Best Practice Guidelines for the management of anaemia in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19(Suppl2):ii1-47
  • Reinisch W, Staun M, Tandon RK, et al. A randomized, open-label, non-inferiority study of intravenous iron isomaltoside 1,000 (Monofer) compared with oral iron for treatment of anemia in IBD (PROCEED). Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:1877-88
  • Froessler B, Cocchiaro C, Saadat-Gilani K, et al. Intravenous iron sucrose versus oral iron ferrous sulfate for antenatal and postpartum iron deficiency anemia: a randomized trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26:654-9
  • Kochhar PK, Kaundal A, Ghosh P. Intravenous iron sucrose versus oral iron in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013;39:504-10
  • Qunibi WY, Martinez C, Smith M, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing intravenous ferric carboxymaltose with oral iron for treatment of iron deficiency anaemia of non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:1599-607
  • Auerbach M, Macdougall IC. Safety of intravenous iron formulations: facts and folklore. Blood Transfus 2014;12:296-300
  • Birgegård G, Henry D, Glaspy J, et al. A Randomized noninferiority trial of intravenous iron isomaltoside versus oral iron sulfate in patients with nonmyeloid malignancies and anemia receiving chemotherapy: The PROFOUND trial. Pharmacotherapy 2016;36:402-14
  • Shi Q, Leng W, Wazir R, et al. Intravenous iron sucrose versus oral iron in the treatment of pregnancy with iron deficiency anaemia: a systematic review. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2015;80:170-8
  • Tolkien Z, Stecher L, Mander AP, et al. Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015;10:e0117383
  • Bircher AJ, Auerbach M. Hypersensitivity from intravenous iron products. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2014;34:707-23
  • Ishimaru D, Sumi H. A case of an insufficiency fracture of the medial proximal tibia secondary to osteomalacia associated with long-term saccharated ferric oxide administration. Case Rep Orthop 2017;2017:1675654
  • Zoller H, Schaefer B, Glodny B. Iron-induced hypophosphatemia: an emerging complication. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2017;26:266-75
  • Bishay RH, Ganda K, Seibel MJ. Long-term iron polymaltose infusions associated with hypophosphataemic osteomalacia: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2017;8:14-19
  • Cashman MW, Sloan SB. Nutrition and nail disease. Clin Dermatol 2010;28:420-5
  • Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Wolf AW. Long-term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency. N Engl J Med 1991;325:687-94
  • Finkelstein FO, Story K, Firanek C, et al. Health-related quality of life and hemoglobin levels in chronic kidney disease patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:33-8

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.