466
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Psychiatry

Trends in the prescribing of antipsychotic medicines in Pakistan: implications for the future

, , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 51-61 | Received 15 Jan 2018, Accepted 16 Aug 2018, Published online: 20 Sep 2018

References

  • Kar SS, Pradhan HS, Mohanta GP. Concept of essential medicines and rational use in public health. Indian J Commun Med 2010;35:10-13
  • Ofori-Asenso R, Agyeman AA. Irrational use of medicines—a summary of key concepts. Pharmacy 2016;4:35
  • Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, et al. The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013. Int J Epidemiol 2014;43:476-93
  • Vigo D, Thornicroft G, Atun R. Estimating the true global burden of mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry 2016;3:171-8
  • Patel V. Mental health in low- and middle-income countries. Br Med Bull 2007;81–82:81-96
  • WHO. Mental health systems in selected low- and middle-income countries: a WHO-AIMS cross-national analysis. World Health Organisation. 2009. Available at: http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/who_aims_report_final.pdf [Accessed 2 December 2017]
  • Naqvi HA, Sabzwari S, Hussain S, et al. General practitioners’ awareness and management of common psychiatric disorders: a community-based survey from Karachi, Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J 2012;18:446-53
  • Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, et al. The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiologia e psichiatria sociale 2009;18:23-33
  • WHO. World Health Organization, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. Improving access to and appropriate use of medicines for mental disorders. Geneva: WHO, 2017. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254794/1/9789241511421-eng.pdf?ua =1 [Accessed 3 December 2017]
  • Bruckner TA, Scheffler RM, Shen G, et al. The mental health workforce gap in low- and middle-income countries: a needs-based approach. Bull WHO 2011;89:184-94
  • Thornicroft G, Chatterji S, Evans-Lacko S, et al. Undertreatment of people with major depressive disorder in 21 countries. Br J Psychiatry 2017;210:119-24
  • Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Posada-Villa J, et al. Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JAMA 2004;291:2581-90
  • Ahmad I, Khalily MT, Hallahan B. Reasons associated with treatment non-adherence in schizophrenia in a Pakistan cohort. Asian J Psychiatry 2017;30:39-43
  • Goel D, Trivedi JK. Clinical practice guidelines for psychiatrists: Indian Psychiatric Society guidelines vs international guidelines: a critical appraisal. Indian J Psychiatry 2007;49:283-6
  • Kross J. Current status of clinical practice guidelines in schizophrenia. 2016. Available at: http://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/schizophrenia-and-psychoses/clinical-practice-guidelines-in-schizophrenia-psychosis/article/490531/ [Accessed 1 December 2017]
  • NICE. Psychosis and schizophrenia: management. Clinical guideline [CG82]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; March 2009. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG82 [Accessed 3 December 2017]
  • Hogan M. Updated schizophrenia PORT treatment recommendations: a commentary. Schizophrenia Bull 2010;36:104-6
  • Schmidt SJ, Schultze-Lutter F, Schimmelmann BG, et al. EPA guidance on the early intervention in clinical high risk states of psychoses. Eur Psychiatry 2015;30:388-404
  • Szkultecka-Debek M, Walczak J, Augustynska J, et al. Epidemiology and treatment guidelines of negative symptoms in schizophrenia in Central and Eastern Europe: a literature review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Mental Health 2015;11:158-65
  • Wilkie A, Preston N, Wesby R High dose neuroleptics - who gives them and why? Psychiatr Bull 2001;25:179-83
  • Adesola AO, Anozie IG, Erohubie P, et al. Prevalence and correlates of “high dose” antipsychotic prescribing: findings from a hospital audit. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2013;3:62-6
  • Ramadas S, Kuttichira P, Sumesh TP, et al. A study of an antipsychotic prescription pattern of patients with schizophrenia in a developing country. Indian J Psychol Med 2010;32:13-16
  • Harrington M, Lelliott P, Paton C, et al. The results of a multicentre audit of the prescribing of antipsychotic drugs for in-patients in the UK. Psychiatr Bull 2002;26:414-18
  • Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2013;382:951-62
  • Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, et al. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;373:31-41
  • Divac N, Prostran M, Jakovcevski I, et al. Second-generation antipsychotics and extrapyramidal adverse effects. BioMed Res Int 2014;2014:656370
  • Godman B, Petzold M, Bennett K, et al. Can authorities appreciably enhance the prescribing of oral generic risperidone to conserve resources? Findings from across Europe and their implications. BMC Med 2014;12:98
  • Parks J, Radke A, Parker G, et al. Principles of antipsychotic prescribing for policy makers, circa 2008. Translating knowledge to promote individualized treatment. Schizophr Bull 2009;35:931-6
  • Donohue J, O’Malley AJ, Horvitz-Lennon M, et al. Changes in physician antipsychotic prescribing preferences, 2002–2007. Psychiatr Serv 2014;65:315-22
  • Steele J, Duncan J, Short A. An audit of anti-muscarinic drug use at the State Hospital. Psychiatr Bull 2000;24:61-4
  • Marken PA, Stoner SC, Bunker MT. Anticholinergic drug abuse and misuse. CNS Drugs 1996;5:190-9
  • Ahmer S, Khan RA, Iqbal SP. Association between antipsychotics and weight gain among psychiatric outpatients in Pakistan: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2008;7:12
  • Taylor DM, McAskill R. Atypical antipsychotics and weight gain—a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000;101:416-32
  • Zipursky RB, Gu H, Green AI, et al. Course and predictors of weight gain in people with first-episode psychosis treated with olanzapine or haloperidol. Br J Psychiatry 2005;187:537-43
  • Iqbal SP, Khan RA, Ahmer S. Antipsychotic treatment and weight gain: does risperidone behave differently in Pakistani psychiatric patients? J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2011;23:66-9
  • Hasnain M, Vieweg WV. Weight considerations in psychotropic drug prescribing and switching. Postgrad Med 2013;125:117-29
  • Brady KT. Weight gain associated with psychotropic drugs. S Med J 1989;82:611-17
  • Hoffman RP. The complex inter-relationship between diabetes and schizophrenia. Curr Diabetes Rev 2017;13:528-32
  • Orsolini L, Tomasetti C, Valchera A, et al. An update of safety of clinically used atypical antipsychotics. Expert Opin Drug Safety 2016;15:1329-47
  • Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010;87:4-14
  • Riaz H, Godman B, Bashir S, et al. Evaluation of drug use indicators for non-communicable diseases in Pakistan. Acta Poloniae Pharm 2016;73:787-94
  • Xiang YT, Dickerson F, Kreyenbuhl J, et al. Common use of antipsychotic polypharmacy in older Asian patients with schizophrenia (2001–2009). J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012;32:809-13
  • Xiang YT, Wang CY, Si TM, et al. Antipsychotic polypharmacy in inpatients with schizophrenia in Asia (2001–2009). Pharmacopsychiatry 2012;45:7-12
  • Ihbeasheh MJI, Sweileh W. A retrospective analysis of antipsychotic medication use with concomitant clinical evaluation in outpatient psychiatry department in Palestine. Adv Pharmacol Pharm 2014;2:47-53
  • Sabzwari SR, Qidwai W, Bhanji S. Polypharmacy in elderly: a cautious trail to tread. J Pakistan Med Assoc 2013;63:624-7
  • Centorrino F, Goren JL, Hennen J, et al. Multiple versus single antipsychotic agents for hospitalized psychiatric patients: case-control study of risks versus benefits. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:700-6
  • Correll CU, Frederickson AM, Kane JM, et al. Does antipsychotic polypharmacy increase the risk for metabolic syndrome? Schizophr Res 2007;89:91-100
  • Stahl SM, Grady MM. High-cost use of second-generation antipsychotics under California’s Medicaid program. Psychiatr Serv 2006;57:127-9
  • Fleischhacker WW, Uchida H. Critical review of antipsychotic polypharmacy in the treatment of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014;17:1083-93
  • Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, et al. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161(2 Suppl):1-56
  • Paton C, Lelliott P, Harrington M, et al. Patterns of antipsychotic and anticholinergic prescribing for hospital inpatients. J Psychopharmacol 2003;17:223-9
  • Procyshyn RM, Honer WG, Wu TK, et al. Persistent antipsychotic polypharmacy and excessive dosing in the community psychiatric treatment setting: a review of medication profiles in 435 Canadian outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71:566-73
  • Santone G, Bellantuono C, Rucci P, et al. Patient characteristics and process factors associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy in a nationwide sample of psychiatric inpatients in Italy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011;20:441-9
  • Sim K, Su A, Fujii S, et al. Antipsychotic polypharmacy in patients with schizophrenia: a multicentre comparative study in East Asia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;58:178-83
  • Suokas JT, Suvisaari JM, Haukka J, et al. Description of long-term polypharmacy among schizophrenia outpatients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013;48:631-8
  • Einarson TR, Vicente C, Zilbershtein R, et al. Pharmacoeconomics of depot antipsychotics for treating chronic schizophrenia in Sweden. Nordic J Psychiatry 2014;68:416-27
  • Godman B, Persson M, Miranda J, et al. Can authorities take advantage of the availability of generic atypical antipsychotic drugs:? Findings from Sweden and potential implications. J Pharm Health Serv Res 2013;4:139-50
  • Khalily M. Mental health problems in Pakistani society as a consequence of violence and trauma: a case for better integration of care. Int J Integr Care 2011;11:1-7
  • Gadit A. State of mental health in Pakistan. Available at: http://jpma.org.pk/PdfDownload/2680.pdf [Accessed 3 December 2017]
  • Altaf A, Khan M, Shah SR, et al. Sociodemographic pattern of depression in urban settlement of Karachi, Pakistan. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9:VC09-VC13
  • WHO. World Health Organization - AIMS Report on mental health system in Pakistan. World Health Organization; 2009. Available at: http://www.who.int/mental_health/pakistan_who_aims_report.pdf [Accessed 1 December 2017]
  • Gadit AA. Mental health in Pakistan: where do we stand? J Pakistan Med Assoc 2006;56:198-9
  • Mahmood DA. Mental illness in Pakistan: the toll of neglect. Dawn; 2014. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1133196 [Accessed 3 December 2017]
  • Ahmad I, Khalily MT, Hallahan B, et al. Factors associated with psychotic relapse in patients with schizophrenia in a Pakistani cohort. Int J Mental Health Nursing 2017;26:384-90
  • UNDP. Pakistan’s new poverty index reveals that 4 out of 10 Pakistanis live in multidimensional poverty. 2016. Available at:http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2016/06/20/pakistan-s-new-poverty-index-reveals-that-4-out-of-10-pakistanis-live-in-multidimensional-poverty.html [Accessed 29 November 2017]
  • Chaudhry IB, Rahman R, Minhas HM, et al. Which antidepressant would psychiatrists and nurses from a developing country choose for themselves? Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2011;15:74-8
  • Tunio AG, Khan M, Das D, et al. Assessment of efficacy and adverse effects of trazodone in the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2010;22:94-5
  • Wu S, Miao D. Cognitive behaviour therapy for depressed Pakistani mothers. Lancet 2008;372:2111; author reply 2112
  • Reza H, Khan MM. Depressive disorder: diagnosis and management in general practice in Pakistan. J Pakistan Med Assoc 2003;53:500-5
  • Muneer A. Treatment of the depressive phase of bipolar affective disorder: a review. J Pakistan Med Assoc 2013;63:763-9
  • Asif U, Saleem Z, Yousaf M, et al. Genderwise clinical response of antipsychotics among schizophrenic patients: a prospective observational study from Lahore, Pakistan. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2018;22:177-83
  • Hogerzeil HV, Bimo, Ross-Degnan D, et al. Field tests for rational drug use in twelve developing countries. Lancet 1993;342:1408-10
  • World Health Organization. WHO collaborating centre for drug statistics methodology. ATC/DDD Index. Available at: https://www.whocc.no/ [Accessed 28 November 2017]
  • Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14:742-50
  • Woerkom M, Piepenbrink H, Godman B, et al. Ongoing measures to enhance the efficiency of prescribing of proton pump inhibitors and statins in The Netherlands: influence and future implications. J Comparat Effect Res 2012;1:527-38
  • Riaz H, Godman B, Hussain S, et al. Prescribing of bisphosphonates and antibiotics in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities for the future. JPHSR 2015;6:111-21
  • Bank of Pakistan Currency Conversion. Available at: http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/IBF_Arch.xls [Accessed 28 November 2017]
  • World Health Organization. How to investigate drug use in health facilities: selected drug use indicators. WHO; 1993. Available at: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2289e/ [Accessed 1 December 2017]
  • Laing R, Hogerzeil H, Ross-Degnan D. Ten recommendations to improve use of medicines in developing countries. Health Policy Plan 2001;16(1):13-20.
  • Ofori-Asenso R, Brhlikova P, Pollock AM. Prescribing indicators at primary health care centers within the WHO African region: a systematic analysis (1995–2015). BMC Public Health 2016;16:724
  • Trading Economics. Pakistan Population. Available at URL: https://tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/population
  • Ezenduka C, Ubochi V, Ogbonna BO. The utilization pattern and costs analysis of psychotropic drugs at a neuropsychiatric hospital in Nigeria. Br J Pharm Res 2014;4:325-37
  • Chong MY, Tan CH, Fujii S, et al. Antipsychotic drug prescription for schizophrenia in East Asia: rationale for change. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004;58:61-7
  • Hollingworth SA, Siskind DJ, Nissen LM, et al. Patterns of antipsychotic medication use in Australia 2002–2007. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2010;44:372-7
  • Kamble P, Chen H, Sherer JT, et al. Use of antipsychotics among elderly nursing home residents with dementia in the US: an analysis of National Survey Data. Drugs Aging 2009;26:483-92
  • Park SC, Lee MS, Kang SG, et al. Patterns of antipsychotic prescription to patients with schizophrenia in Korea: results from the health insurance review & assessment service-national patient sample. J Korean Med Sci 2014;29:719-28
  • Hagen B, Esther CA, Ikuta R, et al. Antipsychotic drug use in Canadian long-term care facilities: prevalence, and patterns following resident relocation. Int Psychogeriatr 2005;17:179-93
  • Sweileh WJN, Al-Khayyat AA. Typical and atypical antipsychotic drug utilization in a psychiatric clinic in Palestine. An- Najah Univ J Res 2004;18:39-47
  • Wladysiuk M, Araszkiewicz A, Godman B, et al. Influence of patient co-payments on atypical antipsychotic choice in Poland: implications once generic atypicals are available. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2011;9:101-10
  • Gaebel W, Weinmann S, Sartorius N, et al. Schizophrenia practice guidelines: international survey and comparison. Br J Psychiatry 2005;187:248-55
  • Barbui C, Conti V. Adherence to generic v. brand antidepressant treatment and the key role of health system factors. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2015;24:23-6
  • Araszkiewicz AA, Szabert K, Godman B, et al. Generic olanzapine: health authority opportunity or nightmare? Expert Rev Pharmacoeconom Outcomes Res 2008;8:549-55
  • Bennie M, Bishop I, Godman B, et al. Are specific initiatives required to enhance prescribing of generic atypical antipsychotics in Scotland?: international implications. Int J Clin Pract 2013;67:170-80
  • Woo YS, Wang HR, Yoon BH, et al. Bioequivalence of generic and brand name clozapine in Korean schizophrenic patients: a randomized, two-period, crossover study. Psychiatry Invest 2015;12:356-60
  • Bobo WV, Stovall JA, Knostman M, et al. Converting from brand-name to generic clozapine: a review of effectiveness and tolerability data. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2010;67:27-37
  • Paton C. Generic clozapine: outcomes after switching formulations. Br J Psychiatry 2006;189:184-5
  • Lessing C, Ashton T, Davis PB. The impact on health outcome measures of switching to generic medicines consequent to reference pricing: the case of olanzapine in New Zealand. J Primary Health Care 2015;7:94-101
  • Khan B, Godman B, Babar A, et al. Assessment of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the registration procedures in Pakistan: implications for the future. GaBI J 2016;5:154-63
  • Shera AS, Basit A, Fawwad A, et al. Pakistan National Diabetes Survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Primary Care Diabetes 2010;4:79-83
  • Shera AS, Jawad F, Maqsood A. Prevalence of diabetes in Pakistan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007;76:219-22
  • Smith M, Hopkins D, Peveler RC, et al. First-v. second-generation antipsychotics and risk for diabetes in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2008;192:406-11
  • Dixon L, Weiden P, Delahanty J, et al. Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in national schizophrenia samples. Schizophr Bull 2000;26:903-12
  • Barbui C, Purgato M, Churchill R, et al. Evidence-based interventions for global mental health: role and mission of a new Cochrane initiative. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;4:Ed000120
  • Godman B, De Bruyn K, Miranda J, et al. Generic atypical antipsychotic drugs in Belgium: their influence and implications. J Compar Effectiv Res 2013;2:551-61
  • Godman B, Bucsics A, Burkhardt T, et al. Potential to enhance the prescribing of generic drugs in patients with mental health problems in austria; implications for the future. Front Pharmacol 2012;3:198
  • Gerbino PP, Shoheiber O. Adherence patterns among patients treated with fixed-dose combination versus separate antihypertensive agents. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2007;64:1279-83
  • Bryant L, Martini N, Chan J, et al. Could the polypill improve adherence? The patient perspective. J Primary Health Care 2013;5:28-35
  • Farrell B, French Merkley V, Ingar N. Reducing pill burden and helping with medication awareness to improve adherence. Can Pharm J 2013;146:262-9
  • Godman B, Baker A, Leporowski A, et al. Initiatives to increase the prescribing of low cost generics; the case of Scotland in the international context. Med Res Arch 2017;5:1-34
  • Godman B, Wettermark B, van Woerkom M, et al. Multiple policies to enhance prescribing efficiency for established medicines in Europe with a particular focus on demand-side measures: findings and future implications. Front Pharmacol 2014;5:106

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.