References
- Johnson NP, Hummelshoj L. World Endometriosis Society Montpellier C. Consensus on current management of endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(6):1552–1568.
- Dunselman GA, Vermeulen N, Becker C, et al. ESHRE guideline: management of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2014;29(3):400–412.
- Klemmt PAB, Starzinski-Powitz A. Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of endometriosis. Curr Womens Health Rev. 2018;14(2):106–116.
- Parasar P, Ozcan P, Terry KL. Endometriosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical management. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep. 2017;6(1):34–41.
- Eisenberg VH, Weil C, Chodick G, et al. Epidemiology of endometriosis: a large population-based database study from a healthcare provider with 2 million members. BJOG. 2018;125(1):55–62.
- Meuleman C, Vandenabeele B, Fieuws S, et al. High prevalence of endometriosis in infertile women with normal ovulation and normospermic partners. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(1):68–74.
- Sinaii N, Plumb K, Cotton L, et al. Differences in characteristics among 1,000 women with endometriosis based on extent of disease. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(3):538–545.
- Ramin-Wright A, Schwartz ASK, Geraedts K, et al. Fatigue – a symptom in endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2018;33(8):1459–1465.
- Chauvet P, Guiguet-Auclair C, Comptour A, et al. Feelings and expectations in endometriosis: Analysis of open comments from a cohort of endometriosis patients. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2018;47(7):281–287.
- Lagana AS, Condemi I, Retto G, et al. Analysis of psychopathological comorbidity behind the common symptoms and signs of endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015;194:30–33.
- Soliman AM, Coyne KS, Zaiser E, et al. The burden of endometriosis symptoms on health-related quality of life in women in the United States: a cross-sectional study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;38(4):238–248.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Endometriosis: diagnosis and management. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng73.
- Leyland N, Casper R, Laberge P, et al. Sogc. Endometriosis: diagnosis and management. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010;32(7 Suppl 2):S1–S32.
- Hirsch M, Begum MR, Paniz E, et al. Diagnosis and management of endometriosis: a systematic review of international and national guidelines. BJOG. 2018;125(5):556–564.
- Ferrero S, Evangelisti G, Barra F. Current and emerging treatment options for endometriosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(10):1109–1125.
- Casper RF. Progestin-only pills may be a better first-line treatment for endometriosis than combined estrogen-progestin contraceptive pills. Fertil Steril. 2017;107(3):533–536.
- Visanne. Summary of product characteristics. Pymble (NSW): Bayer Australia. 2016.
- Angioni S, Cofelice V, Pontis A, et al. New trends of progestins treatment of endometriosis. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2014;30(11):769–773.
- Paulo Leonardo-Pinto J, Laguna Benetti-Pinto C, Angerame Yela D. When solving dyspareunia is not enough to restore sexual function in women with deep infiltrating endometriosis treated with dienogest. J Sex Marital Ther. 2019;45(1):44–49.
- Barra F, Scala C, Ferrero S. Current understanding on pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety of progestins for treating pain associated to endometriosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018;14(4):399–415.
- Foster RH, Wilde MI. Dienogest. Drugs. 1998;56(5):825–833. discussion 34-(5).
- McCormack PL. Dienogest: a review of its use in the treatment of endometriosis. Drugs. 2010;70(16):2073–2088.
- Schindler AE. Dienogest in long-term treatment of endometriosis. Int J Womens Health. 2011;3:175–184.
- Ebert AD, Dong L, Merz M, et al. Dienogest 2 mg daily in the treatment of adolescents with clinically suspected endometriosis: The VISanne Study to Assess Safety in ADOlescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2017;30(5):560–567.
- Petraglia F, Hornung D, Seitz C, et al. Reduced pelvic pain in women with endometriosis: efficacy of long-term dienogest treatment. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;285(1):167–173.
- Strowitzki T, Faustmann T, Gerlinger C, et al. Dienogest in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;151(2):193–198.
- Strowitzki T, Marr J, Gerlinger C, et al. Dienogest is as effective as leuprolide acetate in treating the painful symptoms of endometriosis: a 24-week, randomized, multicentre, open-label trial. Hum Reprod. 2010;25(3):633–641.
- Kohler G, Faustmann TA, Gerlinger C, et al. A dose-ranging study to determine the efficacy and safety of 1, 2, and 4 mg of dienogest daily for endometriosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010;108(1):21–25.
- Lee SR, Yi KW, Song JY, et al. Efficacy and safety of long-term use of dienogest in women with ovarian endometrioma. Reprod Sci. 2018;25(3):341–346.
- Park SY, Kim SH, Chae HD, et al. Efficacy and safety of dienogest in patients with endometriosis: a single-center observational study over 12 months. Clin Exp Reprod Med. 2016;43(4):215–220.
- Sugimoto K, Nagata C, Hayashi H, et al. Use of dienogest over 53 weeks for the treatment of endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2015;41(12):1921–1926.
- Morelli M, Sacchinelli A, Venturella R, et al. Postoperative administration of dienogest plus estradiol valerate versus levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device for prevention of pain relapse and disease recurrence in endometriosis patients. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2013;39(5):985–990.
- Chandra A, Rho AM, Jeong K, et al. Clinical experience of long-term use of dienogest after surgery for ovarian endometrioma. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2018;61(1):111–117.
- Römer T. Long-term treatment of endometriosis with dienogest: retrospective analysis of efficacy and safety in clinical practice. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2018;298(4):747–753.
- Lee JH, Song JY, Yi KW, et al. Effectiveness of dienogest for treatment of recurrent endometriosis: multicenter data. Reprod Sci. 2018;25(10):1515–1522.
- Del Forno S, Mabrouk M, Arena A, et al. Dienogest or norethindrone acetate for the treatment of ovarian endometriomas: can we avoid surgery? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;238:120–124.
- Caruso S, Iraci M, Cianci S, et al. Effects of long-term treatment with dienogest on the quality of life and sexual function of women affected by endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. JPR. 2019;12:2371–2378.
- Bayer. Visanne Post-approval Observational Study (VIPOS). [cited 2019 Nov]; Available from: https://clinicaltrials.bayer.com/study/20018
- Bayer. To evaluate effectiveness of Visanne in improving quality of life in Asian women with Endometriosis. [cited 2019 Nov]; Available from: https://clinicaltrials.bayer.com/study/2084
- Caruso S, Iraci M, Cianci S, et al. Comparative, open-label prospective study on the quality of life and sexual function of women affected by endometriosis-associated pelvic pain on 2 mg dienogest/30 microg ethinyl estradiol continuous or 21/7 regimen oral contraceptive. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39(8):923–931.
- Strowitzki T, Faustmann T, Gerlinger C, et al. Safety and tolerability of dienogest in endometriosis: pooled analysis from the European clinical study program. Int J Womens Health. 2015;7:393–401.
- Barbieri RL. Hormone treatment of endometriosis: the estrogen threshold hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166(2):740–745.
- Barbieri RL. Endometriosis and the estrogen threshold theory. Relation to surgical and medical treatment. J Reprod Med. 1998;43(3 Suppl):287–292.
- Moghissi KS, Schlaff WD, Olive DL, et al. Goserelin acetate (Zoladex) with or without hormone replacement therapy for the treatment of endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 1998;69(6):1056–1062.
- Franke HR, van de Weijer PH, Pennings TM, et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist plus “add-back” hormone replacement therapy for treatment of endometriosis: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Fertil Steril. 2000;74(3):534–539.
- ACOG. Committee opinion: depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and bone effects (number 602). Committee on adolescent health care and committee on gynecologic practice; 2014.
- Lang J, Yu Q, Zhang S, et al. Dienogest for treatment of endometriosis in Chinese women: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind phase 3 study. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2018;27(2):148–155.
- Momoeda M, Harada T, Terakawa N, et al. Long-term use of dienogest for the treatment of endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2009;35(6):1069–1076.
- Seo JW, Lee DY, Yoon BK, et al. Effects of long-term postoperative dienogest use for treatment of endometriosis on bone mineral density. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017;212:9–12.
- Lim LS, Hoeksema LJ, Sherin K. Screening for osteoporosis in the adult U.S. population: ACPM position statement on preventive practice. Ame J Prevent Med. 2009;36(4):366–375.
- Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, et al. Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(10):2359–2381.
- Carey JJ, Delaney MF, Love TE, et al. DXA-generated Z-scores and T-scores may differ substantially and significantly in young adults. J Clin Densitom. 2007;10(4):351–358.
- Nordin C. Screening for osteoporosis: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(4):276; author reply 76-7.
- Hillier TA, Stone KL, Bauer DC, et al. Evaluating the value of repeat bone mineral density measurement and prediction of fractures in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(2):155–160.
- Leslie WD, Morin SN, Lix LM. Rate of bone density change does not enhance fracture prediction in routine clinical practice. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1211–1218.
- Qaseem A, Forciea MA, McLean RM, et al. Treatment of low bone density or osteoporosis to prevent fractures in men and women: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(11):818–839.
- Morch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228–2239.
- Schindler AE, Henkel A, Christensen B, et al. Dienogest and the breast. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2009;25(7):472–474.
- Samson M, Porter N, Orekoya O, et al. Progestin and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;155(1):3–12.
- Borges JBR, Torresan RZ. Breast cancer and hormonal contraception: Should we rethink our concepts? Rev Assoc Med Bras.2018;64(3):201–203.
- Eden J. Progestins and breast cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188(5):1123–1131.
- Staffa JA, Newschaffer CJ, Jones JK, et al. Progestins and breast cancer: an epidemiologic review. Fertil Steril. 1992;57(3):473–491.
- Katsuki Y, Shibutani Y, Aoki D, et al. Dienogest, a novel synthetic steroid, overcomes hormone-dependent cancer in a different manner than progestins. Cancer. 1997;79(1):169–176.
- Nakamura M, Katsuki Y, Shibutani Y, et al. Dienogest, a synthetic steroid, suppresses both embryonic and tumor-cell-induced angiogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999;386(1):33–40.
- RCOG/BSGE Joint Guideline. Management of suspected ovarian masses in premenopausal women. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_62.pdf
- Grandi G, Barra F, Ferrero S, et al. Hormonal contraception in women with endometriosis: a systematic review. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2019;24(1):61–70.
- Harada T, Momoeda M, Taketani Y, et al. Low-dose oral contraceptive pill for dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Fertil Steril. 2008;90(5):1583–1588.
- Brown J, Crawford TJ, Datta S, et al. Oral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5:Cd001019.
- Vercellini P, Buggio L, Frattaruolo MP, et al. Medical treatment of endometriosis-related pain. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;51:68–91.
- Chapron C, Souza C, Borghese B, et al. Oral contraceptives and endometriosis: the past use of oral contraceptives for treating severe primary dysmenorrhea is associated with endometriosis, especially deep infiltrating endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(8):2028–2035.
- Vercellini P, Eskenazi B, Consonni D, et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2011;17(2):159–170.
- Klipping C, Duijkers I, Remmers A, et al. Ovulation-inhibiting effects of dienogest in a randomized, dose-controlled pharmacodynamic trial of healthy women. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;52(11):1704–1713.
- Carvalho N, Margatho D, Cursino K, et al. Control of endometriosis-associated pain with etonogestrel-releasing contraceptive implant and 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril. 2018;110(6):1129–1136.
- Seitz C, Gerlinger C, Faustmann T, et al. Safety of dienogest in the long-term treatment of endometriosis: a one-year, open-label, follow-up study. Fertil Steril. 2009;92:S107.
- Singh S, Best C, Dunn S, et al. Abnormal uterine bleeding in pre-menopausal women. SOGC clinical practice guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013;35(5eSuppl):S1–S28.
- Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. Practice bulletin no. 128: diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(1):197–206.
- Kitawaki J, Kusuki I, Yamanaka K, et al. Maintenance therapy with dienogest following gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment for endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011;157(2):212–216.
- Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive M. Treatment of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(4):927–935.
- Busacca M, Chiaffarino F, Candiani M, et al. Determinants of long-term clinically detected recurrence rates of deep, ovarian, and pelvic endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(2):426–432.
- Guo SW. Recurrence of endometriosis and its control. Hum Reprod Update. 2009;15(4):441–461.
- Ota Y, Andou M, Yanai S, et al. Long-term administration of dienogest reduces recurrence after excition of endometrioma. J Endometr Pelvic Pain Disord. 2015;7(2):63–67.
- Ouchi N, Akira S, Mine K, et al. Recurrence of ovarian endometrioma after laparoscopic excision: risk factors and prevention. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2014;40(1):230–236.
- Adachi K, Takahashi K, Nakamura K, et al. Postoperative administration of dienogest for suppressing recurrence of disease and relieving pain in subjects with ovarian endometriomas. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2016;32(8):646–649.
- Yamanaka A, Hada T, Matsumoto T, et al. Effect of dienogest on pain and ovarian endometrioma occurrence after laparoscopic resection of uterosacral ligaments with deep infiltrating endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017;216:51–55.
- Takaesu Y, Nishi H, Kojima J, et al. Dienogest compared with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist after conservative surgery for endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2016;42(9):1152–1158.
- Koga K, Takamura M, Fujii T, et al. Prevention of the recurrence of symptom and lesions after conservative surgery for endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2015;104(4):793–801.
- Koshiba A, Mori T, Okimura H, et al. Dienogest therapy during the early stages of recurrence of endometrioma might be an alternative therapeutic option to avoid repeat surgeries. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2018;44(10):1970–1976.
- Muzii L, Di Tucci C, Achilli C, et al. Continuous versus cyclic oral contraceptives after laparoscopic excision of ovarian endometriomas: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(2):203–211.
- Osuga Y, Fujimoto-Okabe H, Hagino A. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of dienogest in the treatment of painful symptoms in patients with adenomyosis: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study. Fertil Steril. 2017;108(4):673–678.
- Gonzales M, de Matos L, da Costa Gonçalves M, et al. Patients with adenomyosis are more likely to have deep endometriosis. Gynecol Surg. 2012;9:259–264.
- Di Donato N, Montanari G, Benfenati A, et al. Prevalence of adenomyosis in women undergoing surgery for endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;181:289–293.
- Bratby MJ, Walker WJ. Uterine artery embolisation for symptomatic adenomyosis–mid-term results. Eur J Radiol. 2009;70(1):128–132.
- Kim MD, Kim S, Kim NK, et al. Long-term results of uterine artery embolization for symptomatic adenomyosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(1):176–181.
- Wood C. Surgical and medical treatment of adenomyosis. Hum Reprod Update. 1998;4(4):323–336.
- Wang PH, Liu WM, Fuh JL, et al. Comparison of surgery alone and combined surgical-medical treatment in the management of symptomatic uterine adenomyoma. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(3):876–885.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Heavy menstrual bleeding: assessment and management. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng88
- Nagata C, Yanagida S, Okamoto A, et al. Risk factors of treatment discontinuation due to uterine bleeding in adenomyosis patients treated with dienogest. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2012;38(4):639–644.
- Pontis A, D’Alterio MN, Pirarba S, et al. Adenomyosis: a systematic review of medical treatment. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2016;32(9):696–700.
- Borghese B, Santulli P, Marcellin L, et al. Definition, description, clinicopathological features, pathogenesis and natural history of endometriosis: CNGOF-HAS Endometriosis Guidelines. Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol. 2018;46(3):156–167.
- Chapron C, Tosti C, Marcellin L, et al. Relationship between the magnetic resonance imaging appearance of adenomyosis and endometriosis phenotypes. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(7):1393–1401.
- Agarwal N, Subramanian A. Endometriosis – morphology, clinical presentations and molecular pathology. J Lab Physicians. 2010;2(1):1–9.
- Tosti C, Pinzauti S, Santulli P, et al. Pathogenetic mechanisms of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Reprod Sci. 2015;22(9):1053–1059.
- Leonardo-Pinto JP, Benetti-Pinto CL, Cursino K, et al. Dienogest and deep infiltrating endometriosis: the remission of symptoms is not related to endometriosis nodule remission. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017;211:108–111.
- Yela D, Kajikawa P, Donati L, et al. Deep infiltrating endometriosis treatment with dienogest: a pilot study. J Endometr Pelvic Pain Disord. 2015;7(1):33–37.
- Lagana AS, La Rosa VL, Rapisarda AMC, et al. Anxiety and depression in patients with endometriosis: impact and management challenges. Int J Womens Health. 2017;9:323–330.
- Culley L, Law C, Hudson N, et al. The social and psychological impact of endometriosis on women’s lives: a critical narrative review. Hum Reprod Update. 2013;19(6):625–639.
- Schomacker ML, Hansen KE, Ramlau-Hansen CH, et al. Is endometriosis associated with irritable bowel syndrome? A cross-sectional study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018;231:65–69.
- Miller JA, Missmer SA, Vitonis AF, et al. Prevalence of migraines in adolescents with endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2018;109(4):685–690.
- Arruda MS, Petta CA, Abrao MS, et al. Time elapsed from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of endometriosis in a cohort study of Brazilian women. Hum Reprod. 2003;18(4):756–759.
- Benagiano G, Guo SW, Puttemans P, et al. Progress in the diagnosis and management of adolescent endometriosis: an opinion. Reprod Biomed Online. 2018;36(1):102–114.
- Zannoni L, Forno SD, Paradisi R, et al. Endometriosis in adolescence: practical rules for an earlier diagnosis. Pediatr Ann. 2016;45(9):e332–5.
- Gafni RI, Baron J. Overdiagnosis of osteoporosis in children due to misinterpretation of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). J Pediatr. 2004;144(2):253–257.