6,031
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Gastroenterology

Management of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea: focus on eluxadoline

, , , &
Pages 567-578 | Received 06 Apr 2020, Accepted 08 Feb 2021, Published online: 03 Mar 2021

References

  • American Gastroenterological Association. IBS in America: survey summary findings [Internet]; 2015 [cited 2020 Nov 24]. Available from: http://www.multivu.com/players/English/7634451-aga-ibs-in-america-survey/docs/survey-findings-pdf-635473172.pdf.
  • Peery AF, Crockett SD, Murphy CC, et al. Burden and cost of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases in the United States: update 2018. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(1):254–272.e11.
  • American College of Gastroenterology. Interactive IBS tools [Internet]; 2019 [cited 2019 Jul 22]. Available from: https://gi.org/patients/gi-health-and-disease/interactive-ibs-tools/.
  • Lovell RM, Ford AC. Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(7):712–721.
  • Hungin APS, Chang L, Locke GR, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome in the United States: prevalence, symptom patterns and impact. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21(11):1365–1375.
  • Schmulson MJ, Drossman DA. What is new in Rome IV. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017;23(2):151–163.
  • Lacy BE, Mearin F, Chang L, et al. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1393–1407.
  • Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, et al. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(5):1480–1491.
  • Lin S, Mooney PD, Kurien M, et al. Prevalence, investigational pathways and diagnostic outcomes in differing irritable bowel syndrome subtypes. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;26(10):1176–1180.
  • Buono JL, Carson RT, Flores NM. Health-related quality of life, work productivity, and indirect costs among patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15(1):35.
  • ten Berg MJ, Goettsch WG, van den Boom G, et al. Quality of life of patients with irritable bowel syndrome is low compared to others with chronic diseases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18(5):475–481.
  • Frank L, Kleinman L, Rentz A, et al. Health-related quality of life associated with irritable bowel syndrome: comparison with other chronic diseases. Clin Ther. 2002;24(4):675–689.
  • Singh P, Staller K, Barshop K, et al. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea have lower disease-specific quality of life than irritable bowel syndrome-constipation. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(26):8103–8109.
  • Lackner JM, Ma C-X, Keefer L, et al. Type, rather than number, of mental and physical comorbidities increases the severity of symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(9):1147–1157.
  • Canavan C, West J, Card T. Review article: the economic impact of the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40(9):1023–1034.
  • Buono JL, Mathur K, Averitt AJ, et al. Economic burden of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea: retrospective analysis of a U.S. commercially insured population. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2017;23(4):453–460.
  • Törnblom H, Goosey R, Wiseman G, et al. Understanding symptom burden and attitudes to irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea: results from patient and healthcare professional surveys. United European Gastroenterol J. 2018;6(9):1417–1427.
  • Flores NM, Tucker C, Carson RT, et al. The humanistic and economic burden of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (IBS-D) by disease severity among patients in the EU5 region. Value Health. 2016;19(7):A514–A515.
  • Drossman DA, Chang L, Bellamy N, et al. Severity in irritable bowel syndrome: a Rome Foundation Working Team report. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(10):1749–1759.
  • Rangan V, Ballou S, Shin A, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center GI Motility Working Group, et al. Use of treatments for irritable bowel syndrome and patient satisfaction based on the IBS in America Survey. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(3):786–788.e1.
  • Moayyedi P, Mearin F, Azpiroz F, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome diagnosis and management: a simplified algorithm for clinical practice. United European Gastroenterol J. 2017;5(6):773–788.
  • Wedlake L, A’Hern R, Russell D, et al. Systematic review: the prevalence of idiopathic bile acid malabsorption as diagnosed by SeHCAT scanning in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30(7):707–717.
  • Slattery SA, Niaz O, Aziz Q, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of bile acid malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42(1):3–11.
  • Carrasco-Labra A, Lytvyn L, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. AGA technical review on the evaluation of functional diarrhea and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in adults (IBS-D). Gastroenterology. 2019;157(3):859–880.
  • Holtmann GJ, Ford AC, Talley NJ. Pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1(2):133–146.
  • Drossman DA. Abuse, trauma, and GI illness: is there a link? Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(1):14–25.
  • Lembo A, Zaman M, Jones M, et al. Influence of genetics on irritable bowel syndrome, gastro-oesophageal reflux and dyspepsia: a twin study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(11):1343–1350.
  • Ek WE, Reznichenko A, Ripke S, et al. Exploring the genetics of irritable bowel syndrome: a GWA study in the general population and replication in multinational case-control cohorts. Gut. 2015;64(11):1774–1782.
  • Simrén M, Barbara G, Flint HJ, Rome Foundation Committee, et al. Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report. Gut. 2013;62(1):159–176.
  • Ford AC, Talley NJ. Mucosal inflammation as a potential etiological factor in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. J Gastroenterol. 2011;46(4):421–431.
  • Morales W, Rezaie A, Barlow G, et al. Second-generation biomarker testing for irritable bowel syndrome using plasma anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin levels. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;64(11):3115–3121.
  • Palsson OS, Whitehead WE, van Tilburg MAL, et al. Development and validation of the Rome IV Diagnostic Questionnaire for adults. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1481–1491.
  • Lewis SJ, Heaton KW. Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32(9):920–924.
  • Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Chey WD, ACG Task Force on Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, et al. American College of Gastroenterology monograph on management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(Suppl 2):1–18.
  • Weinberg DS, Smalley W, Heidelbaugh JJ, American Gastroenterological Association, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the pharmacological management of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2014;147(5):1146–1148.
  • Aziz I, Trott N, Briggs R, et al. Efficacy of a gluten-free diet in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea unaware of their HLA-DQ2/8 genotype. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(5):696–703:e1.
  • Biesiekierski JR, Newnham ED, Irving PM, et al. Gluten causes gastrointestinal symptoms in subjects without celiac disease: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(3):508–514.
  • Biesiekierski JR, Peters SL, Newnham ED, et al. No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(2):320–328.
  • de Roest RH, Dobbs BR, Chapman BA, et al. The low FODMAP diet improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67(9):895–903.
  • Halmos EP, Power VA, Shepherd SJ, et al. A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(1):67–75.
  • Böhn L, Störsrud S, Liljebo T, et al. Diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome as well as traditional dietary advice: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(6):1399–1407.
  • Halmos EP, Christophersen CT, Bird AR, et al. Diets that differ in their FODMAP content alter the colonic luminal microenvironment. Gut. 2015;64(1):93–100.
  • Eswaran S, Chey WD, Jackson K, et al. A diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols improves quality of life and reduces activity impairment in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhea. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(12):1890–1899.
  • Staudacher HM, Lomer MCE, Anderson JL, et al. Fermentable carbohydrate restriction reduces luminal bifidobacteria and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Nutr. 2012;142(8):1510–1518.
  • Staudacher HM, Whelan K, Irving PM, et al. Comparison of symptom response following advice for a diet low in fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs) versus standard dietary advice in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2011;24(5):487–495.
  • Lacy BE. The science, evidence, and practice of dietary interventions in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(11):1899–1906.
  • Wang B, Duan R, Duan L. Prevalence of sleep disorder in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(3):141–150.
  • Patel A, Hasak S, Cassell B, et al. Effects of disturbed sleep on gastrointestinal and somatic pain symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(3):246–258.
  • Buchanan DT, Cain K, Heitkemper M, et al. Sleep measures predict next-day symptoms in women with irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(9):1003–1009.
  • Lackner JM, Jaccard J, Keefer L, et al. Improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms after cognitive behavior therapy for refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(1):47–57.
  • Johannesson E, Ringström G, Abrahamsson H, et al. Intervention to increase physical activity in irritable bowel syndrome shows long-term positive effects. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(2):600–608.
  • Johannesson E, Simrén M, Strid H, et al. Physical activity improves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(5):915–922.
  • Zheng H, Li Y, Zhang W, et al. Electroacupuncture for patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome or functional diarrhea: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(24):e3884.
  • Hovdenak N. Loperamide treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1987;130:81–84.
  • Lavö B, Stenstam M, Nielsen AL. Loperamide in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome–a double-blind placebo controlled study. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1987;130:77–80.
  • US Food and Drug Administration. Drug safety communications: FDA warns about serious heart problems with high doses of the antidiarrheal medicine loperamide (Imodium), including from abuse and misuse [Internet]; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 1]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM505108.pdf.
  • Akel T, Bekheit S. Loperamide cardiotoxicity: "A brief review". Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2018;23(2):e12505.
  • Vidarsdottir H, Vidarsdottir H, Moller PH, et al. Loperamide-induced acute pancreatitis. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2013;2013:517414.
  • Dierksen J, Gonsoulin M, Walterscheid JP. Poor man's methadone: a case report of loperamide toxicity. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2015;36(4):268–270.
  • MacDonald R, Heiner J, Villarreal J, et al. Loperamide dependence and abuse. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015:bcr2015209705.
  • Stanciu CN, Gnanasegaram SA. Loperamide, the "poor man's methadone": brief review. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2017;49(1):18–21.
  • Didari T, Mozaffari S, Nikfar S, et al. Effectiveness of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: Updated systematic review with meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(10):3072–3084.
  • Khanna R, MacDonald JK, Levesque BG. Peppermint oil for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48(6):505–512.
  • Cash BD, Epstein MS, Shah SM. A novel delivery system of peppermint oil is an effective therapy for irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61(2):560–571.
  • Lacy BE. Review article: an analysis of safety profiles of treatments for diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48(8):817–830.
  • Page JG, Dirnberger GM. Treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome with Bentyl (dicyclomine hydrochloride). J Clin Gastroenterol. 1981;3(2):153–156.
  • Hadley SK, Gaarder SM. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(12):2501–2506.
  • US Food and Drug Administration. LOTRONEX (alosetron hydrochloride) tablets: risk evaluation and mitigation strategy [Internet]; 2016 [cited 2016 Feb 16]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/rems/Lotronex_2016-01-07_REMS_Document%20.pdf.
  • Camilleri M, Northcutt AR, Kong S, et al. Efficacy and safety of alosetron in women with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9209):1035–1040.
  • Camilleri M, Chey WY, Mayer EA, et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial of the serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist alosetron in women with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(14):1733–1740.
  • Lembo AJ, Lacy BE, Zuckerman MJ, et al. Eluxadoline for irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(3):242–253.
  • US Food and Drug Administration. Viberzi. Highlights of prescribing information [Internet]; 2020 [cited 2020 July 27]. Available from: https://www.allergan.com/assets/pdf/viberzi_pi.
  • Pimentel M, Lembo A, Chey WD, et al. Rifaximin therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome without constipation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(1):22–32.
  • Schoenfeld P, Pimentel M, Chang L, et al. Safety and tolerability of rifaximin for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome without constipation: a pooled analysis of randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39(10):1161–1168.
  • Böhn L, Störsrud S, Törnblom H, et al. Self-reported food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS are common and associated with more severe symptoms and reduced quality of life. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):634–641.
  • Simrén M, Månsson A, Langkilde AM, et al. Food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion. 2001;63(2):108–115.
  • Nagarajan N, Morden A, Bischof D, et al. The role of fiber supplementation in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;27(9):1002–1010.
  • De Giorgio R, Volta U, Gibson PR. Sensitivity to wheat, gluten and FODMAPs in IBS: facts or fiction? Gut. 2016;65(1):169–178.
  • Werlang ME, Palmer WC, Lacy BE. Irritable bowel syndrome and dietary interventions. Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY). 2019;15(1):16–26.
  • American Gastroenterological Association. Low-FODMAP diet [Internet]; 2019 [cited 2019 Jan 21]. Available from: https://www.gastro.org/practice-guidance/gi-patient-center/topic/low-fodmap-diet.
  • Schiller LR, Santa Ana CA, Morawski SG, et al. Mechanism of the antidiarrheal effect of loperamide. Gastroenterology. 1984;86(6):1475–1480.
  • Barr W, Smith A. Acute diarrhea in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(3):180–189.
  • Efskind PS, Bernklev T, Vatn MH. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial with loperamide in irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996;31(5):463–468.
  • Ford AC, Lacy BE, Talley NJ. Irritable bowel syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(26):2566–2578.
  • Cash BD. Emerging role of probiotics and antimicrobials in the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30(7):1405–1415.
  • Brenner DM, Chey WD. Bifidobacterium infantis 35624: a novel probiotic for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2009;9(1):7–15.
  • O'Mahony L, McCarthy J, Kelly P, et al. Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(3):541–551.
  • Ford AC, Quigley EM, Lacy BE, et al. Efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(10):1547–1561.
  • Whorwell PJ, Altringer L, Morel J, et al. Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(7):1581–1590.
  • Weerts ZZRM, Masclee AAM, Witteman BJM, et al. Efficacy and safety of peppermint oil in a randomized, double-blind trial of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(1):123–136.
  • Drossman DA, Tack J, Ford AC, et al. Neuromodulators for functional gastrointestinal disorders (disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction): A Rome Foundation working team report. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(4):1140–1171.e1.
  • Camilleri M, Acosta A, Busciglio I, et al. Effect of colesevelam on faecal bile acids and bowel functions in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41(5):438–448.
  • Martínez-Vázquez MA, Vázquez-Elizondo G, González-González JA, et al. Effect of antispasmodic agents, alone or in combination, in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2012;77(2):82–90.
  • Salix Pharmaceuticals Inc. Xifaxan. Highlights of prescribing information [Internet]; 2018 [cited 2019 Jun 6]. Available from: https://shared.salix.com/shared/pi/xifaxan550-pi.pdf.
  • Lembo A, Pimentel M, Rao SS, et al. Repeat treatment with rifaximin is safe and effective in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2016;151(6):1113–1121.
  • Pimentel M, Cash BD, Lembo A, et al. Repeat rifaximin for irritable bowel syndrome: no clinically significant changes in stool microbial antibiotic sensitivity. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62(9):2455–2463.
  • Black CJ, Burr NE, Camilleri M, et al. Efficacy of pharmacological therapies in patients with IBS with diarrhoea or mixed stool pattern: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Gut. 2019;69(1):78–82.
  • Sebela Pharmaceuticals. Lotronex. Highlights of prescribing information [Internet]; 2016 [cited 2020 Jul 27]. Available from: https://sebelapharma.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/lotronex-pi.pdf.
  • Lembo T, Wright RA, Bagby B, et al. Alosetron controls bowel urgency and provides global symptom improvement in women with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(9):2662–2670.
  • Garnock-Jones KP. Eluxadoline: first global approval. Drugs. 2015;75(11):1305–1310.
  • Lacy BE, Pimentel M, Brenner DM, et al. ACG clinical guideline: management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(1):17–44.
  • Ananthan S. Opioid ligands with mixed mu/delta opioid receptor interactions: an emerging approach to novel analgesics. AAPS J. 2006;8(1):E118–E125.
  • Wade PR, Palmer JM, McKenney S, et al. Modulation of gastrointestinal function by MuDelta, a mixed µ opioid receptor agonist/µ opioid receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;167(5):1111–1125.
  • Abdelhamid EE, Sultana M, Portoghese PS, et al. Selective blockage of delta opioid receptors prevents the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991;258(1):299–303.
  • Hughes PA, Castro J, Harrington AM, et al. Increased κ-opioid receptor expression and function during chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Gut. 2014;63(7):1199–1200.
  • Brenner DM, Dove LS, Andrae DA, et al. Radar plots: a novel modality for displaying disparate data on the efficacy of eluxadoline for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018;30(8):e13331.
  • Lacy BE, Harris LA, Chang L, et al. Impact of patient and disease characteristics on the efficacy and safety of eluxadoline for IBS-D: a subgroup analysis of phase III trials. eCollection 2019 [Epub Ahead of Print]. 2019;12:1–12.
  • Lacy BE, Chey WD, Cash BD, et al. Eluxadoline efficacy in IBS-D patients who report prior loperamide use. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(6):924–932.
  • Brenner DM, Gutman C, Jo E. Efficacy and safety of eluxadoline in IBS-D patients who report inadequate symptom control with prior loperamide use: a Phase 4, multicenter, multinational, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study (RELIEF). Poster presentation P0344: American College of Gastroenterology Annual Scientific Meeting, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, October 5–10, 2018.
  • Zhu L, Huang D, Shi L, et al. Intestinal symptoms and psychological factors jointly affect quality of life of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13(1):49.
  • Andrae DA, Patrick DL, Drossman DA, et al. Evaluation of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life (IBS-QOL) questionnaire in diarrheal-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:208.
  • Abel JL, Carson RT, Andrae DA. The impact of treatment with eluxadoline on health-related quality of life among adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Qual Life Res. 2019;28(2):369–377.
  • Cash BD, Lacy BE, Schoenfeld PS, et al. Safety of eluxadoline in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):365–374.
  • US Drug Enforcement Administration. Schedules of controlled substances: placement of eluxadoline into schedule IV. Notice of proposed rulemaking. Fed Regist. 2015;80(154):48044–48051.
  • Levy-Cooperman N, McIntyre G, Bonifacio L, et al. Abuse potential and pharmacodynamic characteristics of oral and intranasal eluxadoline, a mixed μ- and κ-opioid receptor agonist and δ-opioid receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2016;359(3):471–481.
  • Fant RV, Henningfield JE, Cash BD, et al. Eluxadoline demonstrates a lack of abuse potential in phase 2 and 3 studies of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(7):1021–1029.
  • US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns about increased risk of serious pancreatitis with irritable bowel drug Viberzi (eluxadoline) in patients without a gallbladder [Internet]; 2017 [cited 2020 Sep 3]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm546154.htm.
  • Harinstein L, Wu E, Brinker A. Postmarketing cases of eluxadoline-associated pancreatitis in patients with or without a gallbladder. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(6):809–815.
  • McLoughlin MT, Mitchell RM. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(47):6333–6343.
  • Marbury TC, Berg JK, Dove LS, et al. Effect of hepatic impairment on eluxadoline pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;57(11):1454–1459.
  • Levio S, Cash BD. The place of eluxadoline in the management of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2017;10(9):715–725.
  • Lacy BE. Diagnosis and treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Gen Med. 2016;9:7–17.
  • Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Lacy BE, et al. American College of Gastroenterology monograph on the management of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(suppl 1):S2–S26.
  • World Gastroentrology Organisation. World Gastroenterology Organisation global guidelines: irritable bowel syndrome: a global perspective [Internet]; 2015 [cited 2020 Oct 1]. Available from: https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs-english.