References
- International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas. 9th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2019. Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org/en/
- Houlden RL, Moore S, Cornish W, et al. Role of subcutaneous insulin management protocols and order sets in inpatient diabetes management. Can J Diabetes. 2014;38(2):101–117. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1499267114000677
- Jiang HJ, Stryer D, Friedman B, et al. Multiple hospitalizations for patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(5):1421–1426. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.5.1421
- Bersoux S, Cook CB, Kongable GL, et al. Trends in glycemic control over a 2-year period in 126 US hospitals. J Hosp Med. 2013;8(3):121–125. Available from: http://www.journalofhospitalmedicine.com/jhospmed/article/128207/changes-hospital-glycemic-control
- Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser JC. Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet. 2009;373(9677):1798–1807. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673609605535
- Carvalho RC, Nishi FA, Ribeiro TB, et al. Association between Intra-Hospital uncontrolled glycemia and health outcomes in patients with diabetes: a systematic review of observational studies. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2021;17(3):304–316. Available from: https://www.eurekaselect.com/178842/article
- Chen P, Chen L, Zhao X, et al. The association of mean plasma glucose and in hospital death proportion: a retrospective, cohort study of 162,169 in-Patient data. Int J Endocrinol. 2021;2021:1–7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2021/1513683/
- McAlister FA, Majumdar SR, Blitz S, et al. The relation between hyperglycemia and outcomes in 2,471 patients admitted to the hospital with Community-Acquired pneumonia. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(4):810–815. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.4.810
- Qian J, Kuang L, Che L, et al. Maximum blood glucose levels during hospitalisation to predict mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(12):e042316. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042316
- El-Gendy HA, Mohamed MA, Abd-Elhamid AE, et al. Stress hyperglycemia as a prognostic factor in acute ischemic stroke patients: a prospective observational cohort study. Ain-Shams J Anesthesiol. 2021;13(1):4. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s42077-020-00122-6
- Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of medical care in diabetes—2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(1):S211–S20. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S015
- Umpierrez GE, Hellman R, Korytkowski MT, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients in Non-Critical care setting: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(1):16–38. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2098
- Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists and american diabetes association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(6):1119–1131. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-9029
- Malcolm J, Halperin I, Miller DB, et al. In-hospital management of diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42:S115–S23. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1499267117308249
- Association of British Clinical Diabetologists. Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for inpatient care group. Available from: https://abcd.care/joint-british-diabetes-societies-jbds-inpatient-care-group
- Petite SE. Noninsulin medication therapy for hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(18):1361–1368. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ajhp/article/75/18/1361/5139871
- Gracia‐Ramos AE. Role of incretin‐based therapy in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig. 2020;11(2):508–509. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.13130
- Satpathy S, Datta S, Upreti B. Utilization study of antidiabetic agents in a teaching hospital of Sikkim and adherence to current standard treatment guidelines. J Pharm Bioall Sci. 2016;8(3):223. Available from: http://www.jpbsonline.org/text.asp?2016/8/3/223/175975
- Raphael M, Vijayanarayana K, Thunga G, et al. Utilization pattern of anti-diabetic drugs in type 2 diabetes mellitus in tertiary care hospital. Res J Pharm Technol. 2017;10(7):2063. Available from: http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:rjpt&volume=10&issue=7&article=011
- Montejano L, Vo L, McMorrow D. Transitions of care for people with type 2 diabetes: utilization of antihyperglycemic agents pre- and post-hospitalization. Diabetes Ther. 2016;7(1):91–103.Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-015-0148-5
- Joslin EP. A diabetic manual for the mutual use of doctor and patient. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1934.
- Browning LA, Dumo P. Sliding-scale insulin: an antiquated approach to glycemic control in hospitalized patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004;61(15):1611–1614. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ajhp/article/61/15/1611/5143721
- Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Zisman A, et al. Randomized study of Basal-Bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes (RABBIT 2 trial). Diabetes Care. 2007;30(9):2181–2186. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-0295
- Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Jacobs S, et al. Randomized study of Basal-Bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing general surgery (RABBIT 2 surgery). Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):256–261. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1407
- Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(3):174–188. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213858720303818
- Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Hermayer K, et al. Randomized study comparing a Basal-Bolus with a basal plus correction insulin regimen for the hospital management of medical and surgical patients with type 2 diabetes: basal plus trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(8):2169–2174. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1988
- Bellido V, Suarez L, Rodriguez MG, et al. Comparison of Basal-Bolus and premixed insulin regimens in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. Dia Care. 2015;38(12):2211–2216. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0160
- Gracia-Ramos AE, Cruz-Domínguez M, del P, Madrigal-Santillán EO, et al. Premixed insulin analogue compared with Basal-Plus regimen for inpatient glycemic control. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2016;18(11):705–712. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2016.0176
- Galindo RJ, Davis GM, Fayfman M, et al. Comparison of efficacy and safety of glargine and detemir insulin in the management of inpatient hyperglycemia and diabetes. Endocr Pract. 2017;23(9):1059–1066. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1530891X2035237X
- Zhang T, Lin M, Li W, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of insulin detemir and insulin glargine in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial. Adv Ther. 2016;33(2):178–185. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-016-0288-7
- Bueno E, Benitez A, Rufinelli J, et al. Basal-Bolus regimen with insulin analogues versus human insulin in medical patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial in Latin America. Endocr Pract. 2015;21(7):807–813. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1530891X20356986
- Umpierrez GE, Hor T, Smiley D, et al. Comparison of inpatient insulin regimens with detemir plus aspart versus neutral protamine Hagedorn plus regular in medical patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(2):564–569. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/94/2/564/2598373
- Mauricio D, Hramiak I. Second-generation insulin analogues - a review of recent real-world data and forthcoming head-to-head comparisons. Eur Endocrinol. 2018;14(1):2–9. Available from: http://www.touchendocrinology.com/articles/second-generation-insulin-analogues-review-recent-real-world-data-and-forthcoming-head-head
- Cheng AYY, Wong J, Freemantle N, et al. The safety and efficacy of Second-Generation basal insulin analogues in adults with type 2 diabetes at risk of hypoglycemia and use in other special populations: a narrative review. Diabetes Ther. 2020;11(11):2555–2593. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-020-00925-8
- Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Khowaja A, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing glargine U300 and glargine U100 for the inpatient management of medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes: glargine U300 hospital trial. Dia Care. 2020;43(6):1242–1248. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-1940
- Perez A, Carrasco-Sánchez FJ, González C, et al. Efficacy and safety of insulin glargine 300 U/mL (gla-300) during hospitalization and therapy intensification at discharge in patients with insufficiently controlled type 2 diabetes: results of the phase IV COBALTA trial. BMJ Open Diab Res Care. 2020;8(1):e001518. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001518
- Suzuki J, Yamakawa T, Oba M, et al. Efficacy and safety of insulin degludec U100 and insulin glargine U100 in combination with meal-time bolus insulin in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: an open-label, randomized controlled study. Endocr J. 2019;66(11):971–982. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/66/11/66_EJ18-0309/_article
- Simioni N, Filippi A, Scardapane M, et al. Efficacy and safety of insulin degludec for hyperglycemia management in noncritical hospitalized patients with diabetes: an observational study. Diabetes Ther. 2017;8(4):941–946. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-017-0271-6
- Fatati G, Di Donato A, Grandone I, et al. Impact of insulin degludec in hospitalized patients with and without type 2 diabetes requiring parenteral/enteral nutrition: an observational study. Adv Ther. 2018;35(6):809–816. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0709-x
- Lovshin JA, Drucker DJ. Incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5(5):262–269. Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2009.48
- Umpierrez GE, Gianchandani R, Smiley D, et al. Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin therapy for the inpatient management of general medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot, randomized, controlled study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3430–3435. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0277
- Pasquel FJ, Gianchandani R, Rubin DJ, et al. Efficacy of sitagliptin for the hospital management of general medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes (Sita-Hospital): a multicentre, prospective, open-label, non-inferiority randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(2):125–133. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213858716304028
- Vellanki P, Rasouli N, Baldwin D, et al. Glycaemic efficacy and safety of linagliptin compared to a basal‐bolus insulin regimen in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing non‐cardiac surgery: a multicentre randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(4):837–843. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13587
- Garg R, Schuman B, Hurwitz S, et al. Safety and efficacy of saxagliptin for glycemic control in non-critically ill hospitalized patients. BMJ Open Diab Res Care. 2017;5(1):e000394. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000394
- Lyu F, Huang B, Su W, et al. Efficacy of vildagliptin added to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2020;11(3):701–710. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-020-00758-5
- Pérez-Belmonte L, Gómez-Doblas J, Millán-Gómez M, et al. Use of linagliptin for the management of medicine department inpatients with type 2 diabetes in Real-World clinical practice (Lina-Real-World study). J Clin Med. 2018;7(9):271. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/7/9/271
- Pérez-Belmonte LM, Osuna-Sánchez J, Rico-Robles JI, et al. Simplified glycaemic management for patients with type 2 diabetes admitted for acute decompensated heart failure using linagliptin. Med Clin (Barc). 2021:S0025-7753(21)00128-7. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2021.02.009
- Petite SE, Hill MC. Evaluation of dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV inhibitor use in the inpatient setting. J Pharm Pract. 2020;0897190020966150. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190020966150
- Fayfman M, Davis G, Duggan EW, et al. Sitagliptin for prevention of stress hyperglycemia in patients without diabetes undergoing general surgery: a pilot randomized study. J Diabetes Complications. 2018;32(12):1091–1096. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1056872718307529
- Levin PA, Nguyen H, Wittbrodt E, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review of comparative effectiveness research. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2017;10:123–139. Available from: https://www.dovepress.com/glucagon-like-peptide-1-receptor-agonists-a-systematic-review-of-compa-peer-reviewed-article-DMSO
- Neumiller JJ. Incretin-based therapies. Med Clin North Am. 2015;99(1):107–129. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025712514001394
- Meier JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012;8(12):728–742. Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2012.140
- Bethel MA, Patel RA, Merrill P, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a Meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(2):105–113. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213858717304126
- Sokos GG, Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, et al. Glucagon-Like peptide-1 infusion improves left ventricular ejection fraction and functional status in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2006;12(9):694–699. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1071916406011092
- Lønborg J, Vejlstrup N, Kelbaek H, et al. Exenatide reduces reperfusion injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(12):1491–1499. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr309
- Abuannadi M, Kosiborod M, Riggs L, et al. Management of hyperglycemia with the administration of intravenous exenatide to patients in the cardiac intensive care unit. Endocr Pract. 2013;19(1):81–90. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1530891X20412273
- Chen WR, Shen XQ, Zhang Y, et al. Effects of liraglutide on left ventricular function in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Endocrine. 2016;52(3):516–526. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-015-0798-0
- Fayfman M, Galindo RJ, Rubin DJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial on the safety and efficacy of exenatide therapy for the inpatient management of general medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes. Dia Care. 2019;42(3):450–456. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-1760
- Fushimi N, Shibuya T, Yoshida Y, et al. Dulaglutide‐combined basal plus correction insulin therapy contributes to ideal glycemic control in non‐critical hospitalized patients. J Diabetes Investig. 2020;11(1):125–131. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.13093
- Pasquel FJ, Urrutia MA, Cardona S, et al. Liraglutide hospital discharge trial: a randomized controlled trial comparing the safety and efficacy of liraglutide versus insulin glargine for the management of patients with type 2 diabetes after hospital discharge. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23:1351–1360. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14347
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA revises warnings regarding use of the diabetes medicine metformin in certain patients with reduced kidney function. 2017. [cited 2021 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-revises-warnings-regarding-use-diabetes-medicine-metformin-certain#:∼:text=Thecurrentdruglabelingstrongly,buildsupintheblood.
- Sarfo-Adu BN, Hendley JL, Pick B, et al. Glycemic control during enteral tube feeding in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cureus. 2019;11:e3929. Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/17099-glycemic-control-during-enteral-tube-feeding-in-patients-with-diabetes-mellitus
- Pasquel FJ, Hinedi Z, Umpierrez GE, et al. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis. Am J Med Sci. 2015;349(3):263–267. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002962915300999
- Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, et al. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Salpeter SR, editor. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002967.pub4
- Scotton DW, Wierman H, Coughlan A, et al. Assessing the appropriate use of metformin in an inpatient setting and the effectiveness of two pharmacy-based measures to improve guideline adherence. Qual Manag Health Care. 2009;18(1):71–76. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/00019514-200901000-00009
- Davies MJ, D'Alessio DA, Fradkin J, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American diabetes association (ADA) and the European association for the study of diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2018;41(12):2669–2701. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0033
- Stuart K, Adderley NJ, Marshall T, et al. Predicting inpatient hypoglycaemia in hospitalized patients with diabetes: a retrospective analysis of 9584 admissions with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2017;34(10):1385–1391. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13409
- Deusenberry CM, Coley KC, Korytkowski MT, et al. Hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients treated with sulfonylureas. Pharmacotherapy. 2012;32(7):613–617. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1875-9114.2011.01088.x
- Fitchett D. A safety update on sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(S2):34–42. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13611
- Tang H, Li D, Wang T, et al. Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on diabetic ketoacidosis among patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(8):e123–e124. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-0885
- Rosenstock J, Ferrannini E. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a predictable, detectable, and preventable safety concern with SGLT2 Inhibitors. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(9):1638–1642. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-1380
- Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(9):1687–1693. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0843
- Davidson JA. SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal disease: overview of current evidence. Postgrad Med. 2019;131(4):251–260. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2019.1601404
- Rozado J, García Iglesias D, Soroa M, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors at discharge from cardiology hospitalization department: decoding a new clinical scenario. J Clin Med. 2020;9(8):2600. Available from. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/8/2600
- Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Furie KL, et al. Pioglitazone after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(14):1321–1331. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506930
- Mendez CE, Umpierrez GE. Pharmacotherapy for hyperglycemia in noncritically ill hospitalized patients. Diabetes Spectr. 2014;27(3):180–188. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.27.3.180