COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: manifestations, pathophysiology, vaccination, and long-term implication

References

• Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vito A, Fiore V, Princic E, et al. Predictors of infection, symptoms development, and mortality in people with SARS-CoV-2 living in retirement nursing homes. PLOS One. 2021;16(3):e0248009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, et al. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020;324(8):782–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhogbani T. Acute myocarditis associated with novel middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Ann Saudi Med. 2016;36(1):78–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan SF, Zhang HY, Li CS, et al. Cardiac arrest in severe acute respiratory syndrome: analysis of 15 cases. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2003;26(10):602–605.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corrales-Medina VF, Alvarez KN, Weissfeld LA, et al. Association between hospitalization for pneumonia and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2015;313(3):264–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang Y, Chen T, Mui D, et al. Cardiovascular manifestations and treatment considerations in COVID-19. Heart. 2020;106(15):1132–1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotecha T, Knight DS, Razvi Y, et al. Patterns of myocardial injury in recovered troponin-positive COVID-19 patients assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(19):1866–1878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu ZC, Zhang C, Kong LC, et al. Incidence of myocardial injury in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pooled analysis of 7,679 patients from 53 studies. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2020;10(4):667–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasitlumkum N, Chokesuwattanaskul R, Thongprayoon C, et al. Incidence of myocardial injury in COVID-19-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diseases. 2020;8(4):40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalid N, Chen Y, Case BC, et al. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and the heart – an ominous association. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2020;21(8):946–949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavishi C, Bonow RO, Trivedi V, et al. Special article – acute myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection: a review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63(5):682–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang JP, Wang X, Moura FA, et al. A current review of COVID-19 for the cardiovascular specialist. Am Heart J. 2020;226:29–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Wang L, Yan S, et al. Clinical characteristics of 25 death cases with COVID-19: a retrospective review of medical records in a single medical center, Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:128–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery J, Ryan M, Engler R, et al. Myocarditis following immunization with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in members of the US military. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(10):1202–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alwaqfi NR, Ibrahim KS. COVID-19: an update and cardiac involvement. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020;15(1):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby P. The heart in COVID-19: Primary target or secondary bystander? JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2020;5(5):537–542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atri D, Siddiqi HK, Lang JP, et al. COVID-19 for the cardiologist: basic virology, epidemiology, cardiac manifestations, and potential therapeutic strategies. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2020;5(5):518–536.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, et al. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2352–2371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, et al. Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1265–1273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Place S, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 1420 European patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Intern Med. 2020;288(3):335–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatraju PK, Ghassemieh BJ, Nichols M, et al. Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the seattle region – case series. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):2012–2022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu PP, Blet A, Smyth D, et al. The science underlying COVID-19: implications for the cardiovascular system. Circulation. 2020;142(1):68–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klok FA, Kruip MJ, van der Meer NJ, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020;191:145–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llitjos JF, Leclerc M, Chochois C, et al. High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID-19 patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(7):1743–1746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(5):531–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg DD, Alviar CL, Bhatt AS, et al. Epidemiology of acute heart failure in critically ill patients with COVID-19: an analysis from the critical care cardiology trials network. J Card Fail. 2022;28(4):675–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho-Schneider C, Laurent E, Lemaignen A, et al. Follow-up of adults with noncritical COVID-19 two months after symptom onset. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(2):258–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397(10270):220–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight DS, Kotecha T, Razvi Y, et al. COVID-19: myocardial injury in survivors. Circulation. 2020;142(11):1120–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goha A, Mezue K, Edwards P, et al. Indigenous people and the COVID-19 pandemic: the tip of an iceberg of social and economic inequities. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2021;75(2):207–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Elalamy I, et al. Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol. 2020;95(7):834–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Hajizadeh N, Moore EE, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment for COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a case series. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(7):1752–1755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han H, Yang L, Liu R, et al. Prominent changes in blood coagulation of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1116–1120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perini P, Nabulsi B, Massoni CB, et al. Acute limb ischaemia in two young, non-atherosclerotic patients with COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10236):1546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangalore S, Sharma A, Slotwiner A, et al. ST-Segment elevation in patients with covid-19 – a case series. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(25):2478–2480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26(7):1017–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochi AN, Tagliari AP, Forleo GB, et al. Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31(5):1003–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J. 2020;133(11):1261–1267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzik TJ, Mohiddin SA, Dimarco A, et al. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116(10):1666–1687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzerini PE, Boutjdir M, Capecchi PL. COVID-19, arrhythmic risk, and inflammation: mind the gap!. Circulation. 2020;142(1):7–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, et al. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(5):911–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal M. Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(3):247–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivara MB, Bajwa EK, Januzzi JL, et al. Prognostic significance of elevated cardiac troponin-T levels in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. PLOS One. 2012;7(7):e40515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstein NS, Venkataramani R, Goumas AM, et al. COVID-19-Related cardiovascular disease and practical considerations for perioperative clinicians. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020;24(4):293–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):811–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhakal BP, Sweitzer NK, Indik JH, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection and cardiovascular disease: COVID-19 heart. Heart Lung Circ. 2020;29(7):973–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udell JA, Zawi R, Bhatt DL, et al. Association between influenza vaccination and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk patients: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;310(16):1711–1720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwong JC, Schwartz KL, Campitelli MA, et al. Acute myocardial infarction after laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(4):345–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welt FGP, Shah PB, Aronow HD, et al. Catheterization laboratory considerations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: from the ACC's interventional council and SCAI. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2372–2375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ. 2020;368:m1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeghate EA, Eid N, Singh J. Mechanisms of COVID-19-induced heart failure: a short review. Heart Fail Rev. 2021;26(2):363–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition. JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526–2533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, et al. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat Med. 2005;11(8):875–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, et al. Single-Cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(5):756–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong TY, Redwood S, Prendergast B, et al. Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: acute and long-term implications. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1798–1800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munster VJ, Koopmans M, van Doremalen N, et al. A novel coronavirus emerging in China – key questions for impact assessment. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):692–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(4):586–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, et al. A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(43):33238–33243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao XH, Li TY, He ZC, et al. A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimally invasive autopsies. Honghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2020;49(5):411–417.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walters TE, Kalman JM, Patel SK, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity and human atrial fibrillation: increased plasma angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity is associated with atrial fibrillation and more advanced left atrial structural remodelling. Europace. 2017;19(8):1280–1287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He L, Ding Y, Zhang Q, et al. Expression of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-infected ACE2+ cells in SARS patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of SARS. J Pathol. 2006;210(3):288–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regla-Nava JA, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Nieto-Torres JL, et al. The replication of a mouse adapted SARS-CoV in a mouse cell line stably expressing the murine SARS-CoV receptor mACE2 efficiently induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. J Virol Methods. 2013;193(2):639–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann DL. Inflammatory mediators and the failing heart: past, present, and the foreseeable future. Circ Res. 2002;91(11):988–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peiris JS, Lai ST, Poon LL, et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361(9366):1319–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu C, Hu X, Song J, et al. Heart injury signs are associated with higher and earlier mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MedRxiv. 2020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.20028589
   Google Scholar
• Liu J, Li S, Liu J, et al. Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. EBioMedicine. 2020;55:102763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020;75(7):1730–1741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Górka J, Polok K, Iwaniec T, et al. Altered preoperative coagulation and fibrinolysis are associated with myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2017;118(5):713–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperotto F, Friedman KG, Son MBF, et al. Cardiac manifestations in SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a comprehensive review and proposed clinical approach. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(2):307–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqi HK, Mehra MR. COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states: a clinical-therapeutic staging proposal. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2020;39(5):405–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalli G, De Luca G, Campochiaro C, et al. Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(6):e325–e331.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deussen A. Hyperthermie und hypothermie. Auswirkungen auf das Herz-Kreislauf-System. Anaesthesist. 2007;56(9):907–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto S, Ito T, Terada S, et al. Fulminant myocarditis associated with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liem KL, Durrer D, Lie KI, et al. Pericarditis in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1975;2(7943):1004–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Yavar Z, Sun Q. Cardiovascular response to thermoregulatory challenges. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015;309(11):H1793–H1812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park J, Kwock CK, Yang YJ. The effect of the sodium to potassium ratio on hypertension prevalence: a propensity score matching approach. Nutrients. 2016;8(8):482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2015 update: a report from the. Am Heart Association Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29–e322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Xu S, Yu M, et al. Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(1):110–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir MR, Rolfe M. Potassium homeostasis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors. CJASN. 2010;5(3):531–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippi G, South AM, Henry BM. Electrolyte imbalances in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ann Clin Biochem. 2020;57(3):262–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crop MJ, Hoorn EJ, Lindemans J, et al. Hypokalaemia and subsequent hyperkalaemia in hospitalized patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(12):3471–3477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Gugten A, Bierings M, Frenkel J. Glucocorticoid-associated bradycardia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2008;30(2):172–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nile SH, Nile A, Qiu J, et al. COVID-19: pathogenesis, cytokine storm and therapeutic potential of interferons. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020;53:66–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo CH, Yang SN, Tsai YG, et al. Long-acting β2-adrenoreceptor agonists suppress type 1 interferon expression in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells via epigenetic regulation. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48:37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown SM, Peltan I, Kumar N, et al. Hydroxychloroquine vs. azithromycin for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (HAHPS): results of a randomized. Annals ATS. 2021;18(4):590–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alattar R, Ibrahim TBH, Shaar SH, et al. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):2042–2049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapp JL, Alqarawi W, MacIntyre CJ, et al. Guidance on minimizing risk of drug-induced ventricular arrhythmia during treatment of COVID-19: a statement from the canadian heart rhythm society. Can J Cardiol. 2020;36(6):948–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gubitosa JC, Kakar P, Gerula C, et al. Marked sinus bradycardia associated with remdesivir in COVID-19: a case and literature review. JACC Case Rep. 2020;2(14):2260–2264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta AK, Parker BM, Priyadarshi V, et al. Cardiac adverse events with remdesivir in COVID-19 infection. Cureus. 2020;12(10):e11132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalil AC, Patterson TF, Mehta AK, et al. Baricitinib plus remdesivir for hospitalized adults with covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(9):795–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu D, Zeng X, Ding Z, et al. Adverse cardiovascular effects of anti-COVID-19 drugs. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:699949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee AM, Wong JG, McAlonan GM, et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52(4):233–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed H, Patel K, Greenwood DC, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or ICU admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med. 2020;52(5):jrm00063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Duarte Á, Rivera-Izquierdo M, Guerrero-Fernández de Alba I, et al. Sequelae, persistent symptomatology and outcomes after COVID-19 hospitalization: the ANCOHVID multicentre 6-month follow-up study. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F. Gemelli against COVID-19 post-acute care study group. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;324(6):603–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou M, Wong CK, Un KC, et al. Cardiovascular sequalae in uncomplicated COVID-19 survivors. PLOS One. 2021;16(2):e0246732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blitshteyn S, Whitelaw S. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and other autonomic disorders after COVID-19 infection: a case series of 20 patients. Immunol Res. 2021;69(2):205–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit NM, Churchill A, Nsair A, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and the cardiovascular system: what is known? Am Heart J Plus. 2021;5:100025.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin GA, Desai AD, Chai Z, et al. Cardiac corrected QT interval changes among patients treated for COVID-19 infection during the early phase of the pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(4):e216842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterfield BA, Bhatt DL, Gersh BJ. Cardiac involvement in the long-term implications of COVID-19. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19(5):332–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603–2615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long B, Bridwell R, Gottlieb M. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 vaccines. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;49:58–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirumbolo S. Spotlight on adenovirus-based vaccines and rare thrombotic events. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2021;27:10760296211020829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang CY, Chen CY, Yu WL, et al. Myocardial infarction and azygos vein thrombosis after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination in a hemodialysis patient. Cureus. 2021;13(9):e18390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai CC, Ko WC, Chen CJ, et al. COVID-19 vaccines and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2021;20(8):1027–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hippisley-Cox J, Patone M, Mei XW, et al. Risk of thrombocytopenia and thromboembolism after covid-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 positive testing: self-controlled case series study. BMJ. 2021;374:n1931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman M, Hermans C. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia associated with COVID-19 infection or vaccination: possible paths to platelet factor 4 autoimmunity. PLOS Med. 2021;18(5):e1003648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafeez MU, Ikram M, Shafiq Z, et al. COVID-19 vaccine-associated thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS): a systematic review and post hoc analysis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2021;27:10760296211048815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami T, Yoshikawa T, Maekawa Y, et al. Characterization of predictors of in-hospital cardiac complications of takotsubo cardiomyopathy: multi-center registry from Tokyo CCU network. J Cardiol. 2014;63(4):269–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical considerations: myocarditis and pericarditis after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines among adolescents and young adults; 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/myocarditis.html.
   Google Scholar
• Yi J, Kim SO, Park JM, et al. Catecholamine-Induced cardiomyopathy associated with neuroblastoma and treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to recovery. Korean J Crit Care Med. 2015;30(4):299–302.
   Google Scholar
• Truong DT, Dionne A, Muniz JC, et al. Clinically suspected myocarditis temporally related to COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents and young adults: suspected myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination. Circulation. 2022;145(5):345–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcaterra G, Mehta JL, de Gregorio C, et al. COVID 19 vaccine for adolescents. Concern about myocarditis and pericarditis. Pediatr Rep. 2021;13(3):530–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar